HF COMMUNICATION : PAST,

PRESENT, FUTURE

HF communication: past, present, future 1

 CONTENTS

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• INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

• AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FREQUENCY DEFINED BY ITU FOR RADIO

AND RADAR COMM.
• OPERATES IN A RANGE OF 3 TO 30 MHZ.
• WAVELENGTH 10 TO 100M.
• IMPORTANT WIRELESS COMM. PRACTICE.

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 USES OF HF COMMUNICATION

• EMERGENCY COMM. IN DISASTER AREA.

• REMOTE COMM. WITH SHIPS, AIRCRAFTS.
• INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL BROADCASTING.
• AMATEUR RADIO.
• MARITIME SEA-TO-SHORE SERVICE.
• AIR-TO-GROUND COMMUNICATION.
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 BRIEF PRELIMINARIES ON HF
COMMUNICATION

• SURFACE/GROUND WAVE PROPAGATION

• SKY WAVE PROPAGATION
• LINE OF SIGHT
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 SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION

• A WAVE WHICH GUIDED ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH.

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• PRODUCED BY VERTICALLY POLARIZED ANTENNAS.
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 SKY WAVE PROPAGATION

• A WAVE THAT IS REFRACTED/REFLECTED TOWARDS THE EARTH

FROM IONOSPHERE.
• IONIZATION IS POSSIBLE DUE TO PRESENCE OF SUN ENERGY.
• PROPAGATES MIDDLE RANGE FREQUENCIES(HF,VHF).
• USED FOR LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION.
• EX:- MILITARY COMMUNICATION, INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING.
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HF communication: past, present, future
9
 LINE OF SIGHT

• LOS OPERATES IN A RANGE OF 15 TO 85KMS.

• TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNA MUST BE WITHIN LINE OF
SIGHT
• RADIO BAND CHANGES DUE TO CHANGE IN REFRACTIVE INDEX OF
ATMOSPHERE.
• HEIGHT OF TOWER SHOULD BE HIGH FROM OBSTECLES.
• EX:- TV, SATELLITE, OPTICAL COMM.
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HF communication: past, present, future 11
 HISTORICAL REVIEW OF HF
COMMUNICATION
• STARTS AROUND 1985
• MARCONI & OTHER RADIO PIONEERS BEGAN TO USE LONG
WAVELENGTHS
• HF WERE GIVEN FOR EXPERIMENTS UNTIL 1921
• HF BAND’S LONG DISTANCE TRANSMISSION CAPABILITY
• LOWER TRANSMIT POWER AND SMALLER ANTENNAS.
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 FIRST GENERATION HF COMMUNICATION(1920-
1970)

• SPARK GAP TRANSMITTER

• MANUAL FREQUENCY SELECTION
• INVENTION OF CONTINUOUS WAVE OSCILLATOR
13
• ANALOGY VOICE SERVICE
HF communication: past, present, future
 SECOND GENERATION HF
COMMUNICATION(1980-1990)

• AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT.

• DIGITAL VOICE/DATA SERVICE.
• POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT COMMUNICATION.
• ASYNCHRONOUS PROCESS REQUIRES LONG TIME.
• VOICE SERVICE LACK OF DATA.

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 THIRD GENERATION HF COMMUNICATION(2000-
2010)

• AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT

• HIGH PERFORMANCE DATA TRANSMISSION
• CHANNEL FOR LINK ESTABLISHMENT AND TRANSMISSION SEPARATED.
• HIGHER DATA RATE,LOWER SNR, FASTER LINK ESTABLISHMENT
• SYNCHRONOUS TECHNIQUE REDUCED SCANNING TIME.
• INTEGRATED SERVICE FROM ANALOGY TO DIGITAL VOICE.
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 NEXT GENERATION HF COMMUNICATION(2010- )

• INTELLIGENT OPERATIONS
• WIDEBAND DATA TRANSMISSION
• HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKING

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 KEY CHALLENGES

• RELIABILITY
• HIGH DATA RATES
• MASSIVE REMOTE ACCESS

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 RELIABILITY

• DUE TO COMPLEX AND UNPREDICTABLE FACTOR OF NATURE

• EX:-CHANGING IN IONOSPHERIC REFRECTION
• UNINTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE
• INTENTIONAL JAMMING

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 HIGH DATA RATES

• FOR SUPPORTING VIDEO AND IMAGE TRANSMISSIONS.

• VOICE AND DATA WITH LESS COST
• TRANSMISSION OF LARGE DATA FILES

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 MASSIVE REMOTE ACCESS

• INCREASING IN WORLDWIDE APPLICATIONS LIKE SHIPS, AIRCRAFTS

ETC.
• MASSIVE :-HUGE NO. OF CONCURRENT CONNECTION COMM.
• REMOTE:-DISTANCE BW HF TRANSCEIVERS IS LARGE.

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 FUTURE DIRECTION

• INTELLIGENT HF RADIO
• WIDEBAND HF
• HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKING

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HF communication: past, present, future 22
 INTELLIGENT HF RADIOS

• IMPROVE SELF ADAPTABILITY.

• PROACTIVE ALE
• PRE SELECTION OF FAVOURABLE FREQ. BASED ON SPECTRUM
PREDICTION.
• SMART ANTI-JAMMING

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 WIDEBAND HF

• INCREASE DATA RATES FOR SUPPORTING DIVERSE SERVICES.

• DESIGN A NEW WAVEFORM UTILIZING CURRENT 3 KHZ
ALLOCATION.
• MULTICHANNEL APPROACH.
• INCREASE DATA RATES USING WIDER CONTIGUOUS WAVEFORM.

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 HETEROGENEOUS NETWORK

• IMPROVE RELIABILITY BY DIVERSE COMBINING.

• CENTRALIZED ACCESS CONTROL TO COORDINATE MASSIVE
CONNECTIONS.
• INTEGRATED SPACE-AIR-MARINE-GROUND COMM. NETWORK.

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 SUMMARY

• PRESENTS A GENERAL TUTORIAL ON HF COMM.

• TECHNICAL EVOLUTION OF HF COMM.
• KEY CHALLENGES.
• FUTURE DIRECTIONS.

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