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A short review
• Reflection of light:
Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
• Refraction of light:
Snell’s law
Refraction of light
• Total internal reflection
For some critical angle light beam
will be reflected:
n2
sin 1
c
n1
For some critical angle light beam
will be reflected:
Optical fibers
Optical elements
Mirrors
i=p flat
concave
convex
1 1 1
p i f
Summary
• Real image can be projected on a screen
• Virtual image exists only for observer
• Plane mirror is a flat reflecting surface
Plane Mirror: i p
n2
tan Polarizing Sunglasses
n1
Polarized Sunglasses
B
Linear polarization
E y A s in ( 2 x / t )
Vertically (y axis) polarized wave having an amplitude A, a wavelength of and an
angular velocity (frequency * 2) of , propagating along the x axis.
Linear polarization
Vertical
E y Asin(2x / t)
Horizontal
E z A sin(2x / t )
Linear polarization
Ey Asin(2x / t 90)
E z A sin(2x / t)
Left circular
Ey Asin(2x / t 90)
E z Asin(2x / t)
Superposition of two circularly
polarized waves
I I max cos
Malus’s law, polarized light 2
passing through an analyzer
Polarization
Light interaction with media
Maxwell eqs for dielectric materials
Light and Matter
• Opaque
– absorbs or reflects all light
• Transparent
– allows light to pass through completely
• Translucent
– allows some light to pass through
Interaction of light and matter:
Absorption
The process by which EM radiant energy is absorbed by a molecule or particle
and converted to another form of energy
In Out
Interaction of light and matter:
Refraction
E y As i nn /
( t)
x
In Out
Circular dichroism
Material having different
extinction coefficients for
right and left circularly
polarized lights: R and L
In Out
E y Ae R x sin(2x / t 90) Ae L x sin(2x / t 90)
In Out
E y A sin(2nR x / t 90) A sin(2nL x / t 90)
E z A s in ( 2 n R x / t ) A s in ( 2 n L x / t )
Circular dichroism AND bi-refringence
Material having different
extincion coefficients AND
refraction indices for right
and left circularly polarized
lights: R and L AND nR and
nL
• Rayleigh
• Mie
• Geometric
• Molecules in
atmosphere scatter
NOON
light rays.
• less atmosphere
• Shorter wavelengths (blue, • less scattering
violet) are scattered more • blue sky, yellow
easily. sun
SUNSET
• more atmosphere
• more scattering
• orange-red sky & sun
Rayleigh Scattering in Visible Spectrum
•Occurs when the wavelength >> the particle size,
Rayleigh scattering occurs at a molecular level,
• Blue sky
• Red Sunset
• Blue water (from underwater)
Rayleigh Scattering
I ( ) I 0 (1 cos )
2
I I e
x
4
(1 cos )
2
0
Rayleigh Scattering
• Can be explained in terms of oscillations of
dipole atoms when excited by an EM wave
• Derivation explains polarization as well
• This is why the sky is blue!
• The higher frequencies are scattered more by
the molecules in the atmosphere
• Reds and oranges just pass through, so the sky
appears blue
Most Rayleigh scattering occurs in the upper 10 km of the stratosphere
Rayleigh Scattering
A 5 mW green laser pointer is visible at night due to Rayleigh scattering and
airborne dust.
= 532 nm
Rayleigh Scattering from Particles
1. When scattering from a particle of size d with light of
wavelength , the Rayleigh scattering is found to be:
The clear sky appears blue because Rayleigh scattering high in the atmosphere
influence short wavelength (blue) radiation the most
Note UV radiation is not scattered by the upper atmosphere because it is absorbed
by the OZONE Layer
Mie Scattering
2 1 3 (1 2) 4 (1 2 3)
2 2
m
r sin
Ray eigh1
Scattering
M ie Scattering
From overhead, the Ray1elgh
scattering domlriarnt. l!he
M e sca1Jtered lrritens ty being
p rejected forward. Since
Ray'Jeigh scaitering strongIy
favors short wave1englhs we
see a l:JJue sky.