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Digital Transmission
I Baseband Digital Transmission
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
s (t )
M 2n
Bipolar NRZ or
alternate mark inversion
(AMI)
Split-phase Manchester
tD
Unipolar PAM
H 1 : ak 1, Y A n
pY ( y | H 1 ) pN ( y A)
pe 0 V pN ( y)dy
pe1 pe 0
x
2
1
pe 0 V exp 2 dx
2 2
This can be expressed by using the Q-function
xm
2
1
Q(k ) k exp d
2 2
by
V
pe 0 V pN ( y )dy Q
and also
A V
Pe1 pN ( y A)dy Q
V
m: mean
2: variance
12 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
Assigment
2 2
and hence
A A2 S R /(2 N R ), unipolar
2
2 2 NR
4 N R S R / N R , polar
-A
A
A/2
-A/2
-A
T
16 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
Solution
T
A
1 1
S R ( A) 2 ( A) 2 A2
2 2
-A
A
A/2 1 1 5 2
S R ( A) ( A / 2) A
2 2
2 2 8
-A/2
-A
T
1 2 f cos 2 t
P ( f ) r / 2 cos ( f / 2r ) p (t ) sinc rt
r 2r 1 (4 t ) 2
2 S R /( N R ) 2g b N 0 rb / N 0 rb 2g b , polar
A
pe Q pe ( polar ) Q
2
2g b , pe ( unipolar ) Q g
b
H ( f ) G ( f )df
2 2
H ( f ) df
2
n
Post filter noise
2
2
H ( f ) P ( f ) exp j td df
A
2
AR
2
Should be maximized
2
H ( f ) df
2
2
V ( f )W * ( f )df W ( f ) df V ( f ) df
2 2
Using Schwartz’s inequality
T
How would you determine the respective output signal (after the
matched filter)?
ASK
FSK
PSK
DSB
y (t ) h(t ) s ( t ) v (T )
v(t ) s ( t ) y (t )
0 s (t ) y ( )d
y (t ) v (T )
ss(t t ))
v(t ) 0 s(t ) y( )d
2-ASK
2-FSK
m 0,1
Tb
sm ( )h(Tb )d
( x y (t )
x( ) y(t )d )
0
A
32 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
Optimum Binary Detection - Error Rate
Assuming ‘0’ and ‘1’ reception is equally likely, error happens
when H0 (‘0’ transmitted) signal hits the dashed region or for H1
error hits the left-hand side of the decision threshold that is at
Vopt ( z1 z0 ) / 2
z1 z0 / 2
2
Errors for ‘0’ or/and ‘1’ are equal alike, for instance for ‘0’:
Vopt z0
1
pe 0 exp z0 / 2 d Q
2 2
2 Vopt
pe ( pe 0 pe1 ) / 2 Q z1 z0 / 2
33 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
Optimum Binary Detection (cont.)
Express energy / bit embedded in signaling waveforms by
s ( ) s ( ) d s ( ) d
Tb Tb
2 2
1 0 1
0 0
E1
Tb Tb
s0 ( )d 2
2
s0 ( ) s1 ( ) d
0 0
E0 E10
pe Q z1 z0 / 2
Note that the signaling waveform
correlation greatly influences the SNR!
pe Q Q
4 2 2 / 2
2 2
Eb E
SNRmax b No 2 / 2
No / 2
34 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
Example: Coherent Binary On-off Keying (OOK)
SR SR S RTb Eb
gb
W (1/ Tb )
Tb Tb
E1 s1 ( )d ACTb / 2, E0 0, E10
2 2
s1 ( ) s0 ( )d 0
0 0
Eb E10 Eb
Eb ( E0 E1 ) / 2 ACTb / 4 pe Q 2
Q Q g
b
Tb E s 2 (t )dt
KA cos c cos 2ct c 0
Tb AC2Tb / 2
tk
yelding after filtering:
Tc
Tb
KA cos c
Tb
s ( ) s ( ) d s ( ) d s ( ) d 2 s ( ) s ( ) d
Tb Tb Tb Tb
2 2 2
1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
E1 E0 E10
nominal point
of inspection at Tb
36 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
Analyzing phase
Therefore, due to phase mismatch error by Mathcad
at the receiver, the error rate is
degraded to
Eb E10
pe Q cos
2
c
100 010
In general,PSK error rate can be expressed by 110
2 18a 2
4 4 83 4 2 a2
nn 3
48 4 2a 2
4 2a 2 8 10a 2 4 18a 2 3a a
2 2
A
2
10a 2 10a 2
16
A2 2E
a
pe 3Q 3Q 3Q symbol error rate
10 2 10 N 0
Constellation follows from 4-bit words and therefore
n log 2 M , E nEb
3 2E 3 4 Eb
pb Q Q pe p( E ) / n
4 10 N 0 4 5N0
E 4 Eb
A / 2E / N0
40 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen
Non-coherent Detection
Envelopes follow Rice and Rayleigh distributions for ‘1’ and ‘0’
respectively:
e1 0 pY (Y | H1 )dy Q( AC / 2 ) Q( g b )
Therefore, error rate for noncoherent OOK equals
a: Coherent BPSK
b: DPSK
c:Coherent OOK
d: Noncoherent FSK
e: noncoherent OOK
(pe=10-4)
(pe=10-4)
PRK BPSK
APK=MQASK
APK M QASK M QAM M-APK: Amplitude Phase Shift Keying
46 Helsinki University of Technology,Communications Laboratory, Timo O. Korhonen