EVOLUTION FROM FIXED-LINE

TECHNOLOGY TO GSM,UMTS,LTE AND

BEYOND….

RHITWIK GHOSH
SOURASIS
CHATTERJEE
ECE 3RD
 CONTENT SLIDE NUMBER
• INTRODUCTION 3
• GSM ARCHITECTURE ,SIMILARITIES AND
DISSIMILARITIES WITH FIXED LINE 4-12
TECHNOLOGY,DIFFERENT SUBSYSTEMS
• GPRS,EDGE &THEIR FEATURES 13-15

• UMTS ,ITS FEATURES & ADVANTAGES 16-17

• HSDPA &HSUPA &ITS ADVANTAGES 18

• LTE &LTE-ADVANCED REVOLUTION 19-22

• 10 PILLARS OF 5G &SYSTEM 23-24

ARCHITECTURE

25
• REFERENCE &ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION
• IN 1876 ,ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL INVENTED TELEPHONE.
• IN 1983, US CELLULAR SYSTEM WAS NAMED AMPS WHICH WAS CALLED 1G.
• IN 2019 ,SHANGHAI BECOMES WORLD’S 1ST DISTRICT WITH 5G COVERAGE.
 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATIONS

• GSM IS STILL THE MOST WIDELY USED WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

WORLDWIDE IRRESPECTIVE OF ARRIVAL OF UMTS AND LTE.
• IT IS A STANDARD DEVELOPED BY EUROPEAN
TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS INSTITUTE(ETSI)
• IT IS USED BY 4.5 BILLION SUBSCRIBERS WORLDWIDE IN 2015.

• INITIAL DAYS OF GSM

• AT THE BEGINNING OF 1990s,GSM WAS DESIGNED AS A CIRCUIT-

SWITCHED SYSTEM THAT ESTABLISH A DIRECT AND EXCLUSIVE
CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO USERS .OVER TIME PHYSICAL
CIRCUIT SWITCHING IS VIRTUALISED AND MANY NETWORK NODES
ARE CONNECTED OVER IP-BASED BROADBAND CONNECTION
TODAY.
 EVOLUTION FROM FIXED LINE
TECHNOLOGY TO GSM
• GSM WAS MUCH LIKE FIXED LINE TECHNOLOGY FROM THE
ASPECT THAT SWITCHING CENTERS AND LONG DISTANCE
EQUIPMENTS ARE STILL USED.

MAIN DEVELOPMENT FOR GSM IS TO CONNECT THE SUBSCRIBER

WIRELESSLY TO NETWORK COMPARED TO WIRED CONNECTION IN
CASE OF FIXED LINE TECHNOLOGY.

• COMPARED TO THE FIXED LINE NETWORK WHERE TWO

DEDICATED WIRE ARE NECESSARY PER USER (STATIC CALL
ROUTING MECHANISM) IN GSM, SUBSCRIBERS ARE MOBILE ,SO
CAN CHANGE LOCATION OVER TIME,SO FLEXIBLE MOBILITY
MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE IS REQUIRED IN CORE NETWORK.

• IT KNOWS THE CURRENT LOCATION OF SUBSCRIBER AND THUS

ABLE TO ROUTE THE CALL TO HIM OR HER.
 THE GSM SUBSYSTEMS
• A GSM NETWORK IS SPLIT IN THREE SUBSYSTEMS.
• 1.THE BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM(BSS): IT IS ALSO
CALLED RADIO NETWORK.CONNECTS SUBSCRIBERS
WIRELESSLY OVER NETWORK.
• 2.THE NETWORK SUBSYSTEM(NSS):IT IS ALSO CALLED
CORE NETWORK,RESPONSIBLE FOR SWITCHING
CALLS AND SUBSCRIBER MOBILITY MANAGEMENT.
• 3.INTGELLIGENT NETWORK SUBSYSTEM:ONE OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT IN FUNCTIONALITY OF A MOBILE
NETWORK IS THE PREPAID SERVICE.
 NETWORK SUBSYSTEMS
• THE MOST IMPORTANT RESPONSIBILITY OF NSS ARE CALL
ESTABLISHMENT,CALL CONTROL AND ROUTING OF CALLS BETWEEN
DIFFERENT FIXED AND MOBILE SWITCHING CENTERSAND OTHER
NETWORKS LIKE PUBLIC TELEPHONE SWITCHING NETWORK(PSTN) AND
VOICE OVER IP-PROTOCOL(VOIP) NETWORKS.MOST IMPORTANT
NETWORK NODE IS

• .THE MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER(MSC):

• MSC IS CENTRAL ELEMENT OF A MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATION.

• IN CLASSICAL SWITCHED NETWORK, ALL CONNECTIONS ARE MANAGED

BY THE MSC AND ARE ALWAYS ROUTED OVER THE SWITCHING MATRIX.

• IN VIRTUAL SWITCHED NETWORK ,MSC HAS TWO PARTS 1.THE MSC

SERVER (MSC-S) AND 2.MEDIA GATEWAY(MG).IP –BASED MG REPLACES THE
SWITCHING MATRIX IN CLASSICAL SYSTEM.
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

BTS
HLR VLR AUC
BTS
BSC
BTS PSTN

BTS MSC ISDN

MS BSC
MS BTS
DATA
BTS OMC NETWORKS
OPERATING SUPPORT
SUBSYSTEM
BASE STATION PUBLIC NETWORKS
SUBSYSTEM
 THE VISITING LOCATION REGISTER
,THE HOME LOCATION REGISTER
AND THE AUTHETICATION CENTER
• EACH MSC HAS AN ASSOCIATED VLR WHICH HOLD THE RECORD
OF EACH SUBSCRIBER THAT IS CURRENTLY SERVED BY THE MSC.
• IF A SUBSCRIBER ROAM INTO THE AREA OF AN MSC,THE DATA ARE
COPIED TO THE VLR OF THE MSC AND ARE THUS LOCALLY
AVAILABLE FOR EVERY CONNECTION ESTABLISHMENT.
• THE HLR IS THE SUBSCRIBER DATABASE OF A GSM NETWORK.
• THE IMSI IS STORED IN SUBSCRIBER’S SIM AND HLR AND IS THUS A
KEY TO ALL INFORMATION ABOUT THE SUBSCRIBER.
• AUTHENTICATION CENTER(AuC) IS PART OF HLR THAT CONTAINS
AN INDIVIDUAL KEY PER SUBSCRIBER(Ki).IT IS STORED IN AuC AND
SIM CARD IN A NON-READABLE WAY.
• SHORT MESSAGING SERVICE CENTER(SMS) IS USED TO STORE AND
FORWARD SHORT MESSAGES.GSM OPERATORS GENERATE OVER
15% OF THEIR REVENUE FROM THE SMS ALONE.
 THE BASE TRANSCEIVER STATION(BTS)
• BTS IS MOST VISIBLE NETWORK ELEMENT OF GSM SYSTEM.
• COMPARED TO FIXED LINE NETWORK THE BASE STATIONS
REPLACE THE WIRED CONNECTION TO SERVER WITH A WIRELESS
CONNECTION.
• IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS AIR INTERFACE.
• THEORITICALLY IT CAN COVER AREA WITH RADIUS UPTO 35 KM
.THIS AREA IS CALLED CELL.
• CELLS COVER AREAS WITHIN A RADIUS OF 3-4 KM IN RESIDENTIAL
AND BUISNESS AREAS AND UPTO ONLY SEVERAL 100 METERS IN
SHOPPING MALLS AND DOWNTOWN STREETS.
• ALL NEIGHBOURING CELL HAVE TO SEND IN DIFFERENT
FREQUENCIES TO AVOID INTERFERENCES.
•TO INCREASE THE CAPACITY OF BASE STATION COVERAGE AREA IS
USUASLLY SPLITTED INTO TWO OR THREE SECTORS.
•THIS ALOWS A BETTER REUSE OF FREQUENCIES THAN IN THE CASE
WHEN ONLY A SINGLE FREQUENCY IS USED FOR THE WHOLE BASE
STATION.THUS EACH SECTOR FORMS ITS INDEPENDENT CELL.
 GSM AIR INTEFACE
• THE TRANSMISSON PATH BETWEEN BTS AND THE MOBILE DEVICE
IS REFERRED TO AIR INTERFACE.TO ALLOW THE BASE STATION TO
COMMUNICATE WITH SEVERAL SUBSCRIBERS SIMULTANEOUSLY
TWO METHODS ARE USED.
• 1. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS METHOD(FDMA):
• IT MEANS THE USER COMMUNICATE WITH THE BASE STATION ON
DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES.
• 2.TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACESS METHOD(TDMA):
• SUBSCRIBERS ARE TIME MULTIPLEXED BY DIVIDING THE
CARRIERS INTO FRAMES OF DURATION 4.615 MILISECONDS.
• GSM USES CARRIER FREQUENCIES WITH A BANDWIDTH OF 200 KHZ
OVER WHICH 8 SUBSCRIBERS CAN COMMINICATE WITH BASE
STATION SIMULTANEOUSLY.
• GSM PROVIDES CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE AND DATA SERVICE OF
UPTO 9.6Kbps.
• GSM USES PCM OR GMSK AS MODULATION TECHNIQUE.
 BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF A
MOBILE PHONE
• MEMORY(RA
M, FLASH)

ANALOG
MODULATOR BASE BAND
PROCESSOR

• DISPLAY
• KEYPAD
• POWER MICROPHONE
• MANAGEMENT VIBRATION ALARM
EXTERNAL LOUDSPEAKER
CHARGER INTERFACE

• SIM CARD DATA INTERFACES(USB,BLUETOOTH,INFRARED)

BATTERY
 GENERAL PACKET RADIO
SERVICE(GPRS) AND EDGE
• WHY GPRS WAS REQUIRED?
• GSM IS SUITED FOR VOICE TRANSMISSON,BUT IT HAS
SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF DISADVANTAGES FOR DATA
TRASMISSON WITH VARIABLE BANDWIDTH USAGES FOR FAST
TRANSMISSON(Eg.-WEB BROWSING).
• DURING NO TRANSMISSON, CHANNEL REMAIN DEDECATED
TO USER AND RESOURCES ARE SIMPLY WASTED.
• ADVANTAGES OF GPRS
• BEING PACKET SWITCHED SERVICE GPRS FLEXIBLY
ALLOCATE BANDWIDTH ON AIR INTERFACE.
• WITH EDGE UPDATE,SPEED IMPROVEMENT OCCURS.WITH
EDGE CLASS 32 MOBILE DEVICE SPEED OF UPTO 270Kbit/s CAN
BE REACHED.
• GPRS REDUCES CALL SET UP TIME TO LESS THAN 5 SECONDS
COMPARED TO 20 SECONDS IN GSM.
ENHANCED DATARATE FOR GSM
EVOLUTION (EDGE)
• TO FURTHER INCREASE DATA TRANSMISSON SPEED ,NEW
MODULATION AND CODING SCHEME HAS BEEN INTRODUCED
WHICH IS TEWRMED AS EDGE.
• EDGE USE 8 PHASE SHIFT KEYING(8-PSK) MODULATION SCHEME.
• THUS EDGE TRANSMIT THREE BIT IN SINGLE TRANSMISSON STEP
COMPARED TO ONE IN GSM AND GPRS WHICH BOTH USE GAUSSIAN
MINIMUM SHIFT KEYING(GMSK) MODULATION.
• GMSK 010 8- PSK
000 011

111
001

110
101
100
 GPRS NETWORK ARCHITECHTURE

TRAU CIRCUIT SWITCHED GSM

BSC WML,HTM
BTS L,EMAIL,FT
P SERVER
PCU ETC
HLR
SERVER
Gb

SGSN Gi
INTERNET
DATA AND GGSN
SIGNALLING
SIGNALLING
 UNIVERSAL MOBILE
TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM(UMTS)
• UMTS IS A THIRD GENERATION WIRELESS TELECOMMUNCATION
SYSTEM.
• UMTS TERRESTIAL RADIO ACCESS NETWORK(UTRAN) WAS A
COMPLETELY NEW DEVELOPMENT COMPARED TO GSM.
• INSTEAD OF USING TIME AND FREQUENCY MULTIPLEXING
METHOD OF THE GSM AIR INTERFACE,A NEW METHOD,”WIDEBAND
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS”(WCDMA)INWASNINTRODUCED.
• IN THIS METHOD EACH SUBSCRIBER IS ASSIGNED A UNIQUE CODE.
• BANDWIDTH OF SINGLE CARRIER SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED TO 5
MHz.
• TRANSMISSON SPEED INCREASES UPTO 384Kbit/s IN BOTH UPLINK
AND DOWNLINK DIRECTION.
• UTRAN NETWORK ELEMENTS COMPARED TO BTS AND BSC IN GSM
NETWORK ARE NODE-B AND RADIO NETWORK CONTROLLER(RNC).
• UMTS IS ASSIGNED FREQUENCY IN 1900 AND 2100 MHz BAND.
 UMTS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE(RELEASE 4)

UTRAN CORE NETWORK

MEDIA IP MEDIA
RNC GATEWAY OR
GATEWAY
ATM

PSTN
Iur

NODE-B MSC CALL

MSC CALL
SERVER
RNC SERVER

HLR IN SERVER
NODE-B

SGSN GGSN INTERNET

SIGNALLING
DATA AND SIGNALLING
 HIGH SPEED DOWNLINK AND UPLINK
PACKET ACCESS(HSUPA &HSDPA)
• 3GPP RELEASE 5 INTRODUCES A NEW DATA TRANSMISSON
SCHEME,HSDPA TO INCREASE DATA TRANSMISSON SPEED FROM
NETWORK TO USER.
• WHILE PREVIOUS SPEED IS LIMITED TO 384Kbit/s, HSDPA INCREASES
SPEED PER USER TO SEVERAL MEGABIT PER SECOND.IT CREATED
REVOLUTION.
• UNDER IDEAL RADIO CONDITION THEORITICAL HIGHEST SPEED IS
14.4Mbit/s.
• IT HELPS UMTS TO GAIN MASS MARKET ADOPTION AND WIDESPREAD
USE.
• IN 3GPP RELEASE 6 ,HSUPA INCREASES DATA TRANSMISSON SPEED TO
2-3Mbit/s IN UPLINK DIRECTION UNDER IDEAL CONDITION.
• ONE SHORTCOMING OF UMTS AND HSPA IS HIGH POWER
CONSUMPTION BETWEEN TRANSMISSON GAP,LIKE BETWEEN
DOWNLOADS OF TWO WEB PAGES.
• 3GPP RELEASE 7 INTRODUCES MIMO SCHEME AND 64-QAM
MODULATION THAT INCREASES DATARATE UPTO 28 Mbit/s UNDER
IDEAK RADIO CONDITION.
• IN LATER RELEASES E-UTRAN AND DUAL CARRIER OPERATION WAS
INTRODUCED.
 LONG TERM EVOLUTION(LTE)
&LTE-ADVANCED PRO
WHY LTE BECAME NECESSARY?
IN UMTS AIR INTERFACE IS SPECIFIED WITH CARRIER BANDWIDTH OF 5
MHz.IF BANDWITH IS INCRESED TO ATTAIN HIGH TRANSMISSON
SPEED,TIME BETWEEN TWO TRANSMISSON STEP HAS TO
DECREASE.THE SHORTER THE TRANSMISSON STEP,THE GREATER
IMPACT OF THE MULTIPATH FADING.AS A RESULT PART OF SIGNAL OF
PREVIOS TRANSMISSON STEP OVERLAP WITH THE SIGNAL OF
CURRENT TRANSMISSON STEP.SHORTER TRANSMISSON STEP>MORE
OVERLAPPING>HIGHER CHANCE OF ERROR.
• SOLUTION PROVIDED BY LTE:
• LTE COMES WITH A TOTALLY DIFFERENT AIR INTERFACE TO
OVERCOME THE EFFECT OF MULTIPATH FADING.IT USES
ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING(OFDM).IT SPLIT
THE DATA STREAM INTO MANY SLOWER ONES AND SEND THEM OVER
NARROWBAND 180KHz CARRIERS.
• IN LTE, CHANNEL WITH BANDWIDTH 10,15 &20MHz ARE TYPICALLY
USED.
• WITH 20 MHz CARRIER DATARATE BEYOND 100Mbits/s IDEALLY CAN BE
ACHIEVED.
 •IN CASE OF LTE 10 MHz BAND IS CONSISTED OF 600 SUBCARRIER
OF 180 KHZ.
LTE RELIES ON SOLELY AN IP-BASED CORE NETWORK AND ALL
INTERFACE BETWEEN NETWORK NODES ARE ALSO IP BASED
UNLIKE UMTS OR GSM.
• LTE CAPABLE DEVICES ALSO SUPPORT GSM,GPRS,EDGE OR UMTS .SO
THESE ARE BACKWARD COMPATIABLE.
• A FEW LTE NETWORKS USES CIRCUIT SWITCH FALLBACK
SYSTEM(CFSB) TO UMTS OR GSM FOR VOICE CALLS.
• OTHER LTE NETWORK ARE VOLICE OVER LTE(VOLTE) CAPABLE AND
DO NOT REQIRE FALLBACK UNLESS IT LEAVES COVERAGE AREA.
• ONE MAJOR ENHANCEMENT IS CARRIER AGGREGATION,TO BINDLE
UPTO 5 CARRIERS OF UPTO 20 MHz EACH TO REACH DATARATE OF 400-
600Mbit/s.
• MOST LTE UE SUPPORT VERY FAST 64-QAM IN DOWNLINK AND 16-QAM
IN UPLINK DIRECTION,THEY ALSO USE 2*2 MIMO SCHEME FOR HIGH
RATE.
• LTE NETWORKS ARE DEPLOYED THROUGHOUT 900,1800,2100 MHz
BAND.
• LTE BASE STATION OR eNODE-B IS AUTONOMOUS UNIT.IT PERFORMS
THE FUNCTION OF RNC IN UMTS.SO RNC IS ELIMINATED. eNODE-B
CONSISTS OF
• ANTENNAS,RADIO MODULES AND DIGITAL MODULE.
LTE NETWORK OVERVIEW
SGi
PDN-GW INTERNET

S5
CP UP
S6 S11
HSS MME SERVING-GW

S1
CP UP

X2

eNODE-B eNODE-B
UE
 LTE NETWORK COMPONENTS
• Enode-B: IT IS THE MOST COMPLEX UNIT IN LTE NETWORK.THEY
AUTONOMOUSLY HANDLE USERS AND THEIR RADIO BEARERS.
• MME(MOBILITY MANAGEMENT ENTITY):NETWORK NODES WHICH
ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL SIGNALLING EXCHANGES BETWEEN
USER AND CORE NETWORK AND THE BASE STATION AND CORE
NETWORK.IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
AUTHENTICATION,ESTABLISHMENT OF RADIO BEARERS
HANDOVER SUPPORT ,INTERWORKING WITH OTHER RADIO
NETWORKS.
• SERVING GATEWAY(S-GW):IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING
USER DATA TUNNELS BETWEEN eNODE-Bs IN RADIO NETWORK AND
PACKET DATA NETWORK GATEWAY (PDN-GW),WHICH IS GATEWAY
ROUTER TO THE INTERNET.
• PDN-GATEWAY:THIRD LTE CORE NETWORK WHICH IS GATEWAY TO
INTERNET.ON UP ,DATA PACKETS FOR A USER IS ENCAPSULATED
INTO AN S5 GTP TUNNEL AND FORWARD IT TO S-GW FOR THAT
USER.IT THEN FORWARD PACKETS OVER S1 INTERFACE TO eNODE-
B.FROM THERE THESE ARE SENT TO USER.IT IS ALSO RESPONSIBLE
FOR ASSIGNMENT OF IP ADDRESSES TO MOBILE DEVICES.
 INTERCONNECTION OF LTE TO
GSM AND UMTS NETWORKS
SGi
PDN-GW INTERNET

S5 Gn

S6a
MME

LTE CORE
UMTS/GSM
HSS/HLR Gn Gn CORE
(SGSN-SGSN) (SGSN-GGSN)
Gr
SGSN

GSM/UMTS
RADIO
NETWORK
 10 PILLARS OF 5G
mm WAVE BACKHAUL

ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
MACHINE TYPE
COMMUNICATION

NEW
SPECTRUM
SELF
ORGANIZING
NETWORK

SPECTRUM
SMALL SHARING
CELL
HETNET

EVOLVING
RATs
5G RAN
VIRTUALISATION
 Cloud
computing

Smart grid

Intelligent
WiFi 3D MIMO
UE
offloading

Hyperdense
small cells
Public Native
safety support Control plane
for MTC

Relay
V2x

MTC D2D

IoT

5G SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 REFERENCES
&ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• 1:‘FROM GSM TO LTE ADVANCED PRO AND 5G-AN
INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE NETWORKS AND MOBILE
BROADBAND’ BY MARTIN SAUTER,3RDEDITION,WILEY
PUUBLICATION,ISBN NO-978-19-34686-9.

• 2.PICTURE COURTESY: ‘FUNDAMENTALS OF 5G MOBILE

NETWORKS’ BY JONATHAN RODRIGUEZ,WILEY
PUBLICATION,1ST EDITION,ISBN NO-978-118867525.
THANK YOU