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Camelia Ionescu
Centrul de Medicina Interna – Nefrologie
Institutul Clinic Fundeni
IRA - Definitie
KDIGO 2013
2.1.2: AKI is staged for severity according to the following criteria
(Table 2). (Not Graded)
Staging of AKI
Substrat etiopatogenic
Substrat etiopatogenic
• Hipovolemie
• Scaderea debitului cardiac
• Cresterea rezistentelor vasculare renale
IRA – Clasificare
Substrat etiopatogenic
• Hipovolemie
Substrat etiopatogenic
IMA
Embolie pulmonara
Pericardita cu tamponada
Tahicardii
IC severa
Chirurgie cardiaca
IRA – Clasificare
Substrat etiopatogenic
SHR
Substrat etiopatogenic
Substrat etiopatogenic
IRA ischemica
Reducerea
Reducerea Reducerea fluxului eliberarii de
coeficientului plasmatic glomerular O2 la nivelul
de filtrare si a presiunii medularei
glomerulare intraglomerulare
Reducerea RFG
Brady et al. ARF in Brenner and Rector; The kidney; US: Saunders Co, 2000: 1201-1262
IRA – Consecinte clinice ale pierderii autoreglarii
FPR si RFG in NAT
iNOS
Ischemie renala
Efecte vasculare
Cresterea sensibilitatii la Injurie endoteliala: Cresterea mediatorilor
stimuli vasoconstrictori inflamatiei
- Scaderea eliberarii NO
Cresterea sensibilitatii la din eNOS Cresterea expresiei ICAM-
stimularea inervatiei 1 endotelial
renale - Cresterea endotelinei
Cresterea adeziunii
Afectarea autoreglarii neutrofilelor
Cresterea eliberarii
radicalilor de oxigen
Reducerea RFG
Kribben et al. J Nephrol 1999; 12 Suppl (2): S142-S151
IRA – Factori tubulari
Ischemie renala
Efecte tubulare
Cresterea Ca intracelular Cresterea NO derivat din
NOS
Cresterea cistein-proteazei
Detasarea cel. tubulare
Scaderea Na/K-ATP-azei
viabile
bazolaterale
Aderare integrin – mediata
Cresterea eliberarii distale
aberanta
a NaCl in macula densa
Necroza/Apoptoza
Cresterea obstructiei
Cresterea feedback-ului
tubulare
tubuloglomerular
Reducerea RFG
Kribben et al. J Nephrol 1999; 12 Suppl (2): S142-S151
IRA – Patofiziologia IRA ischemice
• 2 forme clinice
• Forma oligurica
• Forma non – oligurica
• Faza preanurica
• Durata 24 – 36h
• Debut
• Brutal (soc traumatic, infectios, obstetrical, intoxicatii, accidente
postransfuzionale) – 24h
• Insidios (toxice, medicamente, postchirurgical) – 5 – 7zile
• Clinica: a bolii initiale, oligurie 400 – 600ml/24h
• Biologic
• Probe urinare: volum urinar < 800ml, densitate variabila,
proteinurie tubulara, hematurie, mioglobinurie, hemoglobinurie
• Probe sangvine: uree 50 – 80mg/dl, creatinina 1,2 – 1,4mg/dl
IRA – Clinica
• Faza anurica
• Durata 24 – 36h 40zile (10 – 18zile, maxim 120zile)
• Simptomatologia clinica
• Manifestari cutanate: paloare, echimoze, necroze
• Manifestari respiratorii: plaman uremic, pleurezie, infectii
• Manifestari cardio – vasculare: HTA / colaps, tulburari de ritm, IC,
pericardita uremica
• Manifestari digestive: stomatita, gastrita, enterocolita uremica,
HDS
IRA – Clinica
• Faza anurica
• Durata 24 – 36h 40zile (10 – 18zile, maxim 120zile)
• Simptomatologia clinica
• Afectare hepatica: citoliza, colestaza, insuficienta hepatica
• Pancreatita acuta
• Faza anurica
• Biologic
• Retentie azotata
• ureea 15–30mg/dl/24h
• creatinina 0,5-2mg/dl/24h
• Tulburari hidro – electrolitice: hipo/hiperNa, hiper/hipoK,
acidoza metabolica
• Alte modificari: hiperglicemie, hipoproteinemie, TG
IRA – Clinica
• Faza anurica
• Explorari imagistice
• Rx simpla
• Ecografia renala simpla / doppler
• UIV
• Pielografia ascendenta
• Arteriografia renala
• Tomografia computerizata
• Scintigrama renala
• Punctia biopsie renala
IRA – Clinica
• Biologic
• Explorari urinare: densitate 1003 – 1009, proteinurie = 0,5g/24h,
pierderi mari de Na, K, Ca, HCO3(> 200mEq/l)
• Sangvin: retentia azotata are o evolutie dinamica
IRA – Clinica
• Biologic
• Recuperare completa: uree, creatinina normale
• Recuperare incompleta: retentie azotata
IRA – Diagnostic pozitiv
• Azotemia extrarenala
• Acutizarea IRC
IRA – Complicatii
• Infectiile
• Revenire la normal
• Frecventa: 40-50%
• Sechele semnificative
• Frecventa: 10%
• Alterarea progresiva a functiei renale, HTA la 2-4%
• Obiective
• Tratament etiologic
• Tratament patogenic
• Tratament simptomatic
• Tratamentul complicatiilor
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament etiologic
• Intoxicatii
• Antidot specific
• Epurare extrarenala: HD, HF, hemoperfuzie
• Infectii – sepsis
• Antibioticoterapie
• Hemofiltrare, hemodiafiltrare
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament etiologic
• Corectarea deshidratarilor
• Alimentatie po adecvata
• Perfuzii adecvate
• Managementul NAT - 1
• Managementul NAT - 2
• Tratament patogenic
• Ameliorarea functiilor renale
• Diuretice osmotice: Manitol 20% 200-400ml/zi
• Diuretice de ansa: Furosemid 20 fiole/zi
• Vasodilatatoare: Dopamina 3-5 g/kgc/min, 3-5 zile
(controversat)
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament patogenic
• Pericardita
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament patogenic
• Insuficienta respiratorie
• Tulburari cardio –vasculare: EPA, HTA, aritmii
• Anomalii metabolice
• Hiperpotasemie > 6,5 mEq/l
• Hiponatremie < 120 sau hipernatremie > 160 mEq/l
• Cloropenie < 80 mEq/l
• Acidoza metabolica sau alcaloza EB > 15 – 20 mEq/l
• Hiperuricemie > 15 mg/dl
• Hipercatabolism proteic
IRA – Tratament
• Tratament patogenic
• Epurarea extrarenala
• Terapia substitutiva renala continua
• Hemofiltrare/hemodiafiltrare continua veno-venoasa
• Hemodializa zilnica (8-10h/zi)
• SLEDD (Sustained low efficiency daily dialysis)
• Hemodializa intermitenta (la o zi alterna sau 2-3 zile)
• Dializa peritoneala
IRA – Tratament
Tehnici diverse
UF
HFCVV
HDFCVV
HDCVV
TSRC
Diffusion Convection
Membrana semipermeabila
permeabilitate totala pentru: apa, electroliti, substanta cu
GM mica < 500D
permeabilitate buna pentru: substante cu GM 500-2000D
impermeabila pentru: substante cu GM > 50.000D si
celule
biocompatibila
TSRC
Sange Membrana
semipermeabila
Substante cu Apa Apa
GM mica Na Na
K K
Mg Mg
Ca Ca
Cl Cl
Fosfat
Sulfat
Bicarbonat
Acetat (bicarbonat)
Uree
Creatinina
Acid uric
Glucoza (Glucoza)
Aminoacizi
Vit. B₁, B₂, B, C
Acid folic, etc.
TSRC
Sange Membrana
semipermeabila
Bilirubina Exotoxine
Substante cu Endotoxine
GM medie
Vitamina B
Peptide etc.
Substante Albumina
macro-
moleculare Hemoglobina
Mioglobina
Globuline, etc.
Celule Ertrocite
Microorganisme
Leucocite
Trombocite Dializat
TSRC
Inlocuirea apei
SANGE
Uree Apa
Creatinina
K
Fosfat
Membrana
semipermeabila
Procesul de hemofiltrare
TRSC
Masini diverse
Bellco
Kimal - Hygeea
Fresenius – ADM-ABM 08
Fresenius – Multifiltrate
Edwards – Aquarius
TRSC
Filtre diverse
Filter HFT 10 BLS 624 BLS 627
Surface (m2) 1.09 1.09 1.36
UF rate( ml/h 34 34 47
mmHg)
Capillary Polysulphone Polysulphone Polysulphone
-diameter (m) 200 200 200
-wall thickness 40 40 40
(m) 6750 - -
-number
Priming volume
-sanguine comp. 55 63 75
-dialysate comp. 169 218
maximal TMP (mm 600 600 600
Hg)
Dimensions (mm)
-lenght 306 305 305
-diameter 38.5 41 44
TRSC
Filtre diverse
Filter Aquarius Aquarius
Surface (m2) 1.2 1.9
UF rate( ml/h mmHg) 51 80
Capillary Polyetersulphone Polysulphone
-diameter (m) 200 200
-wall thickness (m) 30 30
-number
Priming volume
-sanguine comp. 63 109
-dialysate comp.
maximal TMP (mm Hg) 600 600
Dimensions (mm)
-lenght 241 241
-diameter 30 30
TRSC
Solutii diverse
K+(mmol/l) 2 0 1.5
Ca++(mmol/l) 1.75 2 2
Mg++(mmol/l) 0.5 0.375 0.375
Cl-(mmol/l) 12.3 104.75 104.75
Bicarbonate (mmol/l) 31.4 - -
Lactate (mmol/l) 2.9 45 45
Glucose (g/l) 1 - -
TRSC
Solutii diverse
K+(mmol/l) 0 2
Ca++(mmol/l) 1.75 1.75
Mg++(mmol/l) 0,5 0,5
Cl-(mmol/l) 109.5 115.5
Bicarbonate (mmol/l) 35 35
Lactate (mmol/l) - -
Glucose (g/l) - 5.5
EFICACITATEA SI COMPLICATIILE
PROCEDURILOR DE TERAPIE
SUBSTITUTIVA RENALA CONTINUA LA
PACIENTII CU INSUFICIENTA RENALA
ACUTA SI STARI COMORBIDE SEVERE
Pacienti:
24 pacienti in IRA cu / sau fara comorbiditati asociate
severe internati in Centrul de Med. - Int. Fundeni
Indicatii TSRC
Etiologia IRA Nr. pacienti Metoda
Gn rapid progresiva. LES 5 HFCVV/HDFCVV
Sd. Goodpasture 1 HDFCVV
Gn rapid progresiva. BMTC 1 HFCVV
Mielom multiplu st III B 4 HFCVV/HDFCVV
CIC. Nefropatie ischemica 1 HFCVV/HDFCVV
Nefropatie ischemica 2 HFCVV
Pielonefrita acuta 1 HFCVV
Pielonefrita acuta pe grefa 1 HDFCVV
Nefropatia tubulointerstitiala acuta 4 HDFCVV/HFCVV
Sd. Moskovitz 1 HDFCVV
Limfom cu localizare pe grefa 1 HFCVV
Pancreatita acuta 2 HFCVV/HDFCVV
CRRT in nephrology
Solutions composition
K+(mmol/l) 0 2
Ca++(mmol/l) 1.75 1.75
Mg++(mmol/l) 0,5 0,5
Cl-(mmol/l) 109.5 115.5
Bicarbonate (mmol/l) 35 35
Lactate (mmol/l) - -
Glucose (g/l) - 5.5
MATERIAL SI METODA
Incidenta comorbiditatilor
Acces vascular
22 pt Fistula nativa
2 pt
Cateter
Compozitia solutiilor
K+(mmol/l) 2 0 1,5
Ca++(mmol/l) 1,75 2 2
Mg++(mmol/l) 0,5 0,375 0,375
Cl-(mmol/l) 12,3 104,75 104,75
Bicarbonat (mmol/l) 31,4 - -
Lactat (mmol/l) 2,9 45 45
Glucoza (g/l) 1 - -
REZULTATE
250 15
200 237 12,5
mg/dl 10
150 mg/dl
166 8,3
100 mg/dl 5 mg/dl
50
0 0
Uree sangina (mg/dl) Creatinina sangvina (mg/dl)
250 15
200
150 237 10 12
100 mg/dl mg/dl
136 5 5,3
50 mg/dl mg/dl
0 0
Uree sangvina (mg/dl) Creatinina sangvina (mg/dl)
inainte dupa inainte dupa
REZULTATE
Metode de anticoagulare
Metode de anticoagulare
21%
cu complicatii
79%
fara complicatii
REZULTATE
87.5%
12.5%
Hipotensiune: 2 pacienti
TPSV: 1 pacient
REZULTATE
Evolutia pacientilor
8.3%
41.7% Recuperare completa
33.3% Recuperare partiala
16.7% HD cr
Deces
CONCLUZII