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By - Siddhang Tendulkar

Testing of d.c. machines part-1

There many methods for testing d.c. Machines

In this presentation, 2 most commonly used


methods are described briefly.

These two methods are:


1)Direct Method &
2)Indirect Method.
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

This method is suitable for small d.c. machines.

In this method, the d.c. machine is subjected to


rated load and the entire power output is wasted.

For a d.c. generator, the output power is wasted


in resistors.

For a d.c. motor, a test called ‘Brake test’ is


carried out .
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

As shown in the figure, a belt around


the air- or water-cooled pulley has its
ends attached to spring balances S1 & S2.

The belt tightening hand wheels


H1 & H2, help in adjusting the load and,
therefore on the motor. If spring balances
are calibrated in kilograms, the motor
output is given by,

Motor Output= ω( S1 – S2 )r x 9.81 Watts

Where S1 & S2 are the tensions on the


tight and slack sides of the belt, r is the
effective radius of the brake-pulley in
meters and ω is motor speed in rad/sec.
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

If Vt is the motor terminal voltage and IL is the line


current, the power input to motor is given by,
Input power = VtIL
Now the efficiency of motor is,

Ƞm = ω( S1 – S2 )r x 9.81 x 100
Vt I L
 For a series motor, the brake should be sufficiently
tight before the motor is switched on to the supply.

 The size of the motor that can be tested by this


method is limited from the consideration of the heat that
can be dissipated at the brake drum or pulley.
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

DISADVANTAGES OF BRAKE TEST.

The disadvantages of this method are:

1) The spring balance readings are not steady and,

2) The friction torque, at a particular setting of the


hand wheels H1 & H2 , does not remain constant.
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

 Inthis method, the no-load machine losses are first


measured by a suitable test and then the additional losses
on load are determined from the machine data, in order to
calculate the machine efficiency.

The simplest method of measuring the no-load machine


losses is by ‘Swinburne’s method’
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

As this is a no-load test,


it cannot be performed on
a d.c. series motor.

In this method, the


machine, whether it is a
motor or generator, is run
as a no-load shunt motor
at rated speed and with
rated terminal voltage Vt ,
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

 If Iao & If are the no-load armature current and


field current respectively, then the power
absorbed by the armature( =VtIao ) is equal to the
no-load rational loss Wo plus a small amount of
armature circuit loss I2aora.

Therefore,
No-loads rational loss Wo = VtIao - I2aora
Here armature circuit resistance ra includes the
brush contact resistance also.
Shunt field loss = VtIf
Let IL be the load current at which the machine
efficiency is required.
Testing of d.c. machines part-1
Generator efficiency
Generator output = VtIL
Armature current Ia = IL + If
Armature circuit loss = I2a ra
Shunt field losses = VtIf
Total losses = Wo + I2a ra + VtIf

Therefore, efficiency Ƞg = 1 - Wo + I2a ra + VtIf


VtIL + Wo + I2a ra + VtIf
Motor efficiency
When the machine is working as motor then Ia = IL - If
Motor input = VtIL

Therefore, efficiency Ƞm = 1 - Wo + I2a ra + VtIf


VtIL
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

Advantages of Swinburne’s method


The advantages are:
1) Low power is required even for testing large machines,
since only no-load losses are to be supplied from the
mains and,
2) The efficiency of the machine can be calculated at any
desired load.

Disadvantages of Swinburne’s method


Since d.c. machines in this method is running at no-load,
1) Stray load losses can’t be accounted for.
2) The actual performance of the machine on rated load
can’t be checked.
Testing of d.c. machines part-1

Thank you

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