Fluid Dynamics of Combustion System for Diesel

Engines

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department

Use of Fluid Dynamics to Design Matured

Combustion System….
Schematic of Combustion in diesel Engine
The Design Algorithm to Facilitate Fluid Dynamics

• The basic concept of the design model is as follows.

• The fuel injected into a combustion chamber is divided
into many zones.
• Events in each zone, such as droplet break-up, evaporation,
air–fuel mixing, ignition, heatrelease, heat transfer and
formation of exhaust emis are traced and calculated in
order to obtain zonal temperature and compositions.
• The mass, internal energy and mole quantity of NOx of
every zone are calculated to obtain cylinder-averaged
temperature, air–fuel ratio and NOx concentration.
Fluid Dynamics Factors
Geometric Features
 Spray development
• After fuel is injected into the cylinder, spray break-up
takes place in few crankshaft angles followed by wall
impingement.
• In these stages, the movement of the fuel jet follows
different laws.
• Before break-up, the jet follows the energy conservation
law and the intial velocity of jet is as follows:
 Diesel fuel injection nozzles

Sac type VCO-type

The holes in a modern injection system are very small, typically 50
– 250 μm, and they are manufactured using a complicated EDM
(Electro Discharge Machining) process.
Actuation of Injector Nozzle
 Mass flow rate through Nozzle


m f  CD An 2  f p
d
m f   CD An 2  f p
360 N
Flow of Fuel through Finite Length Circular Pipe
Coefficient of Discharge

Nurick’s Number, K

p1  pv
K
p1  p2

pv is the vapor pressure of the fuel.

Optimal Design of Nozzle Hole
Why Is It Happening?
 Component of Design Model

• The Global design model contains the following

submodels:
• spray development,
• Air entrainment and mixing,
• Droplet evaporation,
• Heat transfer of a zone,
• Combustion and thermodynamic calculation,
• NOx formation,
• Calculation of gas properties
• Chemical equilibrium compositions.
 Spray Formation

• Spray formation is explained as Breakup Mechanism,

described as:
• Stretching of fuel ligament into sheets or streams.
• Appearance of ripples and protuberances.
• Formation of small ligaments or holes in sheets.
• Collapse of ligaments or holes in sheets.
• Further breakup due to vibration of droplets.
• Agglomeration or shedding from large drops.
• The flow parameters of a jet:
• Jet Reynolds number
• Jet weber number
• Ohnesorge number