Maintenance of good concrete pavement could be as follows:

1. Sealing cracks of transverse and longitudinal construction and expansion joints. Wide cracks or spalled joint has to
be properly cleaned in any manner before the application of the seal materials to prevent the intrusion of
extraneous material and to block the downward penetration of surface water. Maintenance Engineers are
divided and could not agree on one recommendation wether sealing narrow cracks is effective or not.
2. For small and scattered broken surface of good concrete pavement, patching with concrete is more
economical. On an affected portion, old concrete should be removed by vertical straight line cuts parallel and
perpendicular to the roadway centerline.
3. For corner pair, the angle from the roadway centerline should be greater than 30° and less than 60°.
4. Sections that are removed should have a minimum area of 20 square meters.
5. If the subgrade is doubtful, it must be replaced with suitable materials and compacted properly.
6. The new slab should be as thick as the original pavement.
7. A good practice demand to provide extra thickness adjoining the old concrete and to extract the patch under
8. Additional cement is necessary to produce high early strength concrete or an accelerator such as calcium
chloride is used for patching if early use of the pavement is desired.
9. The ideal time to make the repair of concrete pavement road is in the evening.
10. Pavement surface with spall from freezing and thawing or salt action are usually levelled with asphalt mixture or
surface treatment.
11. Another method is to parch with concrete bonded to the old concrete with a cement water or epoxy.
12. Spalled joint can also be repaired with cement grout containing epoxy.
Mud-Jacking
 Slurry for mud-jacking consist of mixture of fine grained
soil, Portland cement and water or an addition of a
small amount of asphalt. A mixture of one part cement
and three to four parts of ground lime-stone could be
used as slurry for mud-jacking.
 The mixture must pass through the pump without
gumming. It must flow readily under the pavement to
the small voids. The mixture must harden rapidly without
excessive shrinkage and not becoming hard brittle. The
spacing of the holes through the concrete should be
planned carefully. When the slab is to be lifted by
pumping slurry into several holes, frequent movement of
the nozzle is necessary so that lifting will be in small
increment.
 Undersealing
 Is an alternative for mud-jacking. A heated asphalt sometimes an air blown
product is used as slurry substitute. The advantage of undersealing is the
formation of the asphalt as seal against the penetration of the surface
water into the subgrade.
Highway and its Environment
 Early roads were patterned after the railroad of the same period. The
principle behind the construction of early road is to construct the cheapest
roadway that would serve traffic under all conditions of weather without
regards to its environment.
 Roadside development was not included in the program, shoulders and
right of way are narrow or non-existent. Side slopes were so steep, drainage
and ditches, channels and structures were designed to protect the
roadbed without regard for erosion outside the roadway limit.

These practices in road building brought unsightly conditions and high

maintenance cost unit such time that design standard have been gradually
modified and improved. The later development and improvement of the
roadway considered the following aspects:
1. Pleasing views are developed with little sacrifice on cost or distance to enhance diving
pleasure.
2. Long sweeping horizontal curves are acceptable than a short curve connected by long
tangents.
3. Choppy or broken backed grade line are flattened and smoothed.
4. In rough areas, cut depths and fill heights are small to reduce scar and slope erosion to
minimum level.
5. Sometimes retaining walls are helpful and improve attractiveness of the roadway.
6. Modern highways now provides wide roadbeds, shallow wide gutter and ditches, flat
back slope and cuts and flat side slope on fill.
7. Top of cut banks and toes of fills are rounded to blend into the original ground.
 Roadside
 Is the entire right of way, except for the travelled way.

Roadside development
 Is sometimes referred to as roadside beautification to be made after the
road construction is completed.
 Without question provides a more pleasing environment for travellers, less
maintenance cost and safer highways.
 On the highway right of way is under the care of the highway agency,
although, there are adjacent property homeowners who sometimes
contribute to the beautification of their surroundings including the
roadsides itself for aesthetical consideration which they themselves enjoy.
 Highway Beautification
Highway beautification is a broad term which includes activities such as:
1. Landscaping and roadside development within the right of way.
2. Improvement of strips and land adjacent to the highway for the restoration,
preservation and enhancement of natural beauty.
3. Acquisition and development of publicly owned and controlled rest area,
recreation areas and sanitary areas including other facilities.

The factors that contribute to the beautification are:

• Good location
• Design
• Construction
• Maintenance
 Outdoor Advertising
 The control and removal of outdoor advertising had long been
controversial in the beautification of highways. A court ruling on
these aspects states” That the concept of public welfare, for the
purpose of which the legislative may exercise police power, is
broad and exclusive, and the value it represents is spiritual and
aesthetic as well as physical and monetary”. In the interest of the
public, the government must be assisted to control the use of and
to improve the areas adjacent to the highways by controlling the
erection and maintenance of outdoor advertising signs, displays or
other devices within a reasonable distance from the edge of the
right of way and visible from the main travelled way .