Group 8

1.Marilya chandra ance

2.Meissyrina Laa
3.Wiwin triwinda Kofan
 Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to
drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and
genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe
medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup.

The field of pharmacogenomics is still in its infancy. Its use is

currently quite limited, but new approaches are under study in clinical trials. In
the future, pharmacogenomics will allow the development of tailored drugs to
treat a wide range of health problems, including cardiovascular
disease, Alzheimer disease, cancer, HIV/AIDS, and asthma.
 How is pharmacogenomics being used ?

In a small number of cases, doctors are able to use pharmacogenomics in

their treatment of patients.
HIV
Genetic testing? has dramatically reduced the number of people suffering
side-effects to HIV? medicines. One example is abacavir, adrug? used in conjunction
with other antiretrovirals in the treatment of HIV infection.
Abacavir is a highly effective treatment for HIV (the virus that causesAIDS?) but
around five to eight per cent of patients suffer severe side-effects, such as rash,
fatigue and diarrhoea
 Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines or crude drugs produced from natural
sources such as plants, microbes, and animals. It includes analysis of their biological,
chemical, biochemical, and physical properties.

About 25% of prescription medicines in the USA are believed to have an active
ingredient from a natural source. In developing countries, it’s estimated that about 80% of
their populations rely on traditional medicines made from plants and herbs.

Plants and organisms are used in a variety of ways in the production of

conventional and alternative medicines. The beneficial active ingredient of the plant may
be found anywhere in its physical structure, such as in the petal or stem of a flower
 Example
Plants are the source of many active ingredients used for medicinal purposes.
Examples include salicylic acid and caffeine, among others. These natural compounds are
often provide a great basis for the discovery of new drugs

Some examples of plants that have an effect on humans include:

Fusarium pallidoroseum: the origin of apicidin, a fungal metabolite presenting

antiprotozoal activity in vitro that may counter malaria factor Plasmodium berghei
 pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the
movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its absorption,
bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Pharmacodynamics, described as what a drug does to the body, involves receptor

binding, postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions. Drug pharmacokinetics determines the
onset, duration, and intensity of a drug’s effect.
 Example
absorption : the drug absorption from the site of administraction which permits
the entry of the therapeutic agent into the plasma
distribution: reversible process the leaves the bloodstream and distributes into
the interstitial and intracellular fluids
metabolism : biotranstransformation of the drug into metabolitas by the liver or
other tissues
elimination: the drug and its metabolites are eliminated into urine, bile or feces
 pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing, dispensing, and review of drugs
and providing additional clinical services. It is a health profession that links health sciences
with pharmaceutical sciences and aims to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of
drugs. The professional practice is becoming more clinically oriented as most of the drugs are
now manufactured by pharmaceutical industries
 Example

in pharmacy there are several fields that work in it such as: industry, cosmetics, natural materials
and clinics. where both produce new drugs in accordance with their respective fields. a real
example in the field of natural materials examines a medicinal plant that is considered to have
efficacy for disease.