Information Technology:

Hardware

by
Kudang B. Seminar, PhD

5/8/2019
1
Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.
 Abacus
• An abacus is a calculator used first by the Chinese
since about 500 BC, for addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division, as well as fractions and
square root.
• The inventor is unknown. However, the abacus as
we know it today did not appear in China until about
1200 A.D.
• Contests have been held between users of the
Japanese abacus and an electric calculator.For
addition and subtraction the abacus user was much
faster than the calculator user, but for multiplication
and division the advantage of the abacus was less
decisively demonstrated.
ABC (Atanasoff & Berry Computer) 1939, Iowa Univ.
Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes
•Vacuum Tubes
• Berfungsi
sebagai
penguat,
pengubah,
dan pencipta
sinyal elektrik
• Banyak
dipakai di
peralatan
komunikasi
seperti radio,
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) 1946, Pennsylvania Univ.
Consisting of 17,468 vacuum tubes
EDSAC (Elecronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator/Computer) 1949, Cambridge University
Uses: Vacuum Tubes
MARK I Computer 1949 – Consisting of
1300 Vacuum Tubes
I/O Devices: Saklar, pita dan pencetak

•Manchester Mark I •Havard Mark I

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
1951 – Consisting of 5200 Vacuum Tubes
IAS Computer Developed By John
Von Newmann at Princeton Univ.
1952 • 1st General
Purpose
Computer
• Consists of
23,000
vacuum tubes
• Used for
solving
complex
applications:
metereology,
astonomy,
hydrodynamic
s, atomic
weapons
• Consist of 3
sub-systems:
main
processor,
Memory, I/O
Devices
IBM 701 developed at 1952 by IBM President:
Thomas J. Watson, Jr.

• Known as the Defense

Calculator while in
development
• Publically announced in
1953.
• Known as IBM 701
Electronic Data
Processing Machines
• Consist of 3 sub-
systems: main processor,
Memory, I/O Devices
• Key to IBM's transition
from punched-card
machines to electronic
computers.
• The first of the pioneering
line of IBM 700 series
computers, including the
702, 704, 705 and 709.
• Uses 72 Williams Tubes
 Generasi Komputer Dengan Rangkaian
Terpadu
•
(Integrated Circuit/IC)
Jack Kilby adalah penemu sirkuit terpadu
(integrated circuit) yang sekarang
digunakan untuk pembuatan
mikroprosesor komputer, ketika Kilby
bekerja di Texas Instruments pada tahun
1958.
• Pada tahun 2000, Kilby mendapatkan
penghargaan Nobel dalam bidang Fisika
berkat penemuan sirkuit terpadu
(integrated circuit) tersebut.
• Rangkaian terpadu yang terdiri dari
ratusan/ribuan/jutaan komponen
elektronik semi konduktor (transistor)
yang dikemas dalam bentuk yang
kompak dan ringan dalam bentuk chip,
disebut juga micro-circuit,
microprocessor, atau slicon-chip.
• Melahirkan penemuan Mikroprosesor
4004 di tahun 1971.
 IBM’s 7000 Series – Generation of
Transitorized or Chip-Based
•
Computers
IBM 7010 - high end version of IBM 1410 -
introduced in 1962
• IBM 7030 - Stretch supercomputer -
introduced in 1961
• IBM 7040 - scientific - introduced in 1963
• IBM 7044 - scientific - introduced in 1963
• IBM 7070 - decimal - introduced in 1960
• IBM 7072 - decimal - introduced in 1962
•IBM 7090's at NASA's Project Mercury, 1962. • IBM 7074 - decimal - introduced in 1961; used
by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service in 1962
[1]
• IBM 7080 - commercial - introduced in 1961
• IBM 7090 - scientific - introduced in 1959
• IBM 7094 - scientific - introduced in 1962
• IBM 7094 II - scientific - introduced in 1964

•An IBM 7040 in operation from 1964 to 1974

at the German university Technische
Hochschule Darmstadt with IBM 1401 on the
right.
PDP (Programmed data
Processor)-1 Computer
• Designed by DEC (Digital
Equipment Corporation)
• Built using chip
technology.
• The entire computer
occupies only 17 square
feet of floor space.
MITS Altair 8800 Computer
• It was a microcomputer
designed in 1975.
• Produced by Micro
Instrumentation and
Telemetry Systems (MITS)
• based on the Intel 8080
CPU
• It is considered as 1st PC
(Personal Computer)
generation.
Jenis Komputer

• Mainframes (Super Computers)

• Minicomputers
• Microcomputers
•
Mainframes (Super Computer)
Large in Physical Size
• Fast Computing Speed
• Large Memory Capacity
• Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)
• Provides many connections to I/O devices
• Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server
•The Columbia Supercomputer at
• First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701, NASA's Advanced Supercomputing
IBM 360 Facility at Ames Research Center.

• Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,

•IBM 360 •Cray-2

 Minicomputers
• Mini physical size
• Fairly fast computing speed
• Fairly large memory capacity
• May consists of multiple CPU/processors
• Used for Library Otomation in since 1970
• First Generation: PDP-1, IBM AS/400
• Used as Computer Servers
• Current Generation: midrange systems (IBM
parlance), workstations (Sun Microsystems and
general UNIX/Linux parlance), HoneyWell 316,
GEC 4000 Series, PDP-11
 Microcomputers
• Micro physical size
• Slower computing speed
• Smaller memory capacity
• Mostly consists of single or can be 2
CPU/processors
• Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front-
end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan
Pengguna
• First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti
XT, AT (286,386,486)
• Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop,
PDA (personal Digital Assistant)
• Used as Client Computers
Sistem Komputer
• Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional
secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti
keras (hardware), piranti lunak
(software), piranti data (dataware) dan
aturan/standar (ruleware) untuk
melaksanakan program/komputasi
berbasis komputer.
• Notes: tidak termasuk manusia
(brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi
Pusnas.
•
Komponen Sistem Komputer
Hardware: Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O).
• Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi,
Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi
(Application Sofware).
• Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.
 Hardware Resources

• I/O (Input/Output)
devices
• Processor
• Memory

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I/O Devices

• I/O Devices: to exchange data between

computer systems and external sources
• Input Devices: to enter data into a
computer system
• Output Devices: to send data out of a
computer system

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Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital

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Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta

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Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis

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Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices
• Kecepatan (Speed)
• Kemudahan (Ease of Use)
• Keandalan (Reliability)
• Obyektivitas & Akurasi
• Kesesuaian dengan jenis data
• Durasi (endurance)
• Kompatibilitas
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Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera

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GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE

08/05/2019
Dies Natalis IPB 2001 28
SENSORS WITH IN
GREENHOUSE

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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 29
Temperature & Humidity Control
30 5
Voltage
Temperature 3.75
20
2.5
Temperature
10
1.25 Set point
Voltage
0 0
0 300 600 900 1200
Humidity (%)

100 5
Time (seconds) Voltage (v)
80 3.75
60
2.5 Humidity
40
1.25 Set point
20
Voltage
0 0
0 100 200 300 400
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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 30
Time (seconds)
 Light Intensity Control

7.5 5
4
Light Intensity

6.5 Fin opening Angle

3
5.5
2
Light Intensity
4.5 1 Set point
Opening Angle
3.5 0
0 300 600 900 1200
Time (seconds)
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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 31
•Yield Monitoring Using Satellite

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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 32
Weed detection for site-specific
weed management

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Dies Natalis IPB 2001 33
•HALOGEN •INTEGRATING
•LAMP •CHOPPER •MONOCHROMATOR •SPHERE

•MOTOR
•CONT.
•AMP.

•DO

•COMPUTER •A/D

•NIR APPARATUS SYSTEM FOR THE EXPERIMENT

untuk DETEKSI KEMATANGAN MANGGA 08/05/2019
Dies Natalis IPB 2001 34
BioControl Systems (BCS)

• BCS development efforts utilize five different types of

bioelectric signals: Electrooculogram (EOG),
Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG),
Electrocardiogram (EKG), and Galvanic skin response
(GSR)
• The essence of the biocontroller interface involves
three processes: (1) bioelectric signal acquisition, (2)
signal processing for pattern recognition or extraction
of desired elements of the biosignal, and (3) mapping
the results of the signal processing algorithm to some
desired output code - which controls external
electronic devices.

08/05/2019
Dies Natalis IPB 2001 35
BioSensors

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•Teknologi
•Sortasi •Sortasi dengan mesin skala besar
• Digunakan pada industri besar
• Komputerisasi, mata elektronik
untuk mengimbangi jumlah objek
yang sangat besar

5/8/2019
 Processors
the device unit that performs data processing
Features:
• High speed: micro, mini, super computer
• Multiprocessors: support processor,
coupled processor, parallel processor
• Execution time: microsecond,
nanosecond, picosecond
• Speed measures: clock speed (Hz), MIPS
(Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS
(Floating Point Operations per Second) 5/8/2019
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 Perkembangan awal Prosesor Intel
1971 1976

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Data acquisition & processing

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Produksi Peta
dengan Teknologi
SIG

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 Profil suhu
Profil sumber air permukaan bumi

Profil mineral bumi Profil kota

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Memory

• Memory Internal (primary storage):

Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM
• Memory External (secondary storage):
Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum
DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk,
Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB

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Memory Features
• Internal: higher speed, lower storage
capacity, volatile, expensive, required for
program execution, fully electronic
• External: lower speed, higher storage
capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term
storage, mechatronic
• Measures: access speed & storage capacity
(MByte, GByte, TByte)

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 Magnetic Disk Capacity

80%/year
100,000 3.5”

10,000 2.5”
8-14”
1,000 1.8”
MBytes

100

10
5.25”
1
80 84 88 92 96 00
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 Storage Devices

Form factor: Form factor: Form factor:

.5-1” 4” 5.7” .4-.7”  2.7”  3.9” .2-.4”  2.1”  3.4
Storage: Storage: Storage:
18-73GB 4-27GB 170MB-1GB
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 Storage Hierarchy
Cost Size
CPU, Reg
$600 a chip 213 bytes
32-64 bits
$10-2 per byte
Cache 227 bytes
$10-4 per byte 4-128 words

Memory 230 bytes

$10-8 per byte 512-16k words
Secondary Storage 240 bytes

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