*

1.6x10-19
Example
Given that the potential difference across a bulb is 240V and the
current that flow through the bulb is 0.25A. Find the energy
dissipated in the bulb in 30s.

Answer:
Formula of current,
I=Qt
hence
Q=It

Energy dissipated,
E
=QV
=(It)V
=(0.25)(30)(240)
E=1800J
Example 1:
A current of 0.50A flows through a 100Ω resistor. What is the
power lost in the resistor?

Answer:
P=VI
=I2R
=(0.5)2(100)
P=25W
Example 2
An electric iron has a heating element of resistance 50Ω. If
the operating current flowing through it is 4A, calculate the
heat energy produced in 2 minutes.

Answer:
Power of the iron,
P=I2R
P=(4)2(50)
P=800W
Heat energy produced,
E=Pt
E=(800)(120)
E=96000J
Example 3
What is the power dissipated in a 4Ω light bulb connected to a 12V
battery? What is the power dissipated in a 2Ω light bulb connected
to the same battery? Which bulb is brighter?

Answer:
Assume that the bulbs are resistor
Power dissipated in the 4Ω resistor,
P=V2R
P=(12)24
=36W
Power dissipated in the 2Ω resistor,
P=V2R
P=(12)22
=72W
The power of the 2Ω bulb is higher, hence it is brighter.
[Conclusion: The lower the load resistance in a circuit, the greater
the power dissipated in the circuit]
Example 4
An ideal battery with e.m.f. 12 V is connected in series to two bulbs with resistances R1 =
4Ω and R2 = 2Ω What is the current in the circuit and the power dissipation in each bulb?

Answer:
Potential difference across the 2 resistors, V = 12V
Equivalence resistance of the 2 resistors, R = 4 + 2 = 6Ω
Current in the circuit,
𝑉
I=
𝑅
12
I=
6
=2A

Power dissipated in R1
P=I2R
P=(2) 2(4)
=16W

Power dissipated in R2
P=I2R
P=(2) 2(2)
=8W

[Conclusion: In a series connection, the greater the resistance of a resistor, the greater the
power dissipated]
Example 5
The figure above shows that an ideal battery is connected in parallel to
two resistors with resistances 2Ω and 4Ω. Find the power dissipated in
a. the 4Ω resistor
b. the 2Ω resistor

Answer:
a. The potential difference across the 2 resistor = 12V
The power of the 2Ω resistor,
P=V 2R
P=(12) 2(4)
=36W

b.The power of the 4Ω resistor,

P=V 2R
P=(12) 2(2)
=72W

[Conclusion: In a parallel connection, the lower the resistance, the

greater the power of the resistor.]
Example 6:
2 identical bulb of resistance 3Ω is connected to an e.m.f. of 12V. Find the power dissipated in
the circuit if
a. the bulb is connected in series
b. if the bulb is connected in parallel
Answer:
a.Current pass through the 2 resistors,
𝑉
I=
𝑅
=(12)/6=2A

Power of each of the resistor,

P=I 2R
P=(2) 2(3)
=12W

Sum of the power,

P=P1+P2
P=(12W)+(12W)=24W

b.
Potential difference across the 2 resistor = 12V
Power of each of the resistor,
P=V 2R
P=(12) 2(3) = 48W
Sum of the power, P=P1+P2 P=(48W)+(48W)=96W
Example 7:
A 800W heater is used to heat 250 cm³ of water from 30 to
100°C. What is the minimum time in which this can be done?
[Density of water = 1000kg/m³; Specific Heat Capacity of water
= 4200J°C-1 kg-1]

Answer:
Energy supply by the heater, E = Pt

Heat energy absorbed by the water, E = mcθ

Let's assume that all the energy supplied by the heater is

converted to heat energy and absorbed by the water, hence

Pt=mcθ
(800)t=(0.25)(4200)(70)
t=[(0.25)(4200)(70)] / (800)
=92s
Figure above is an example of power rating
label.
An electrical appliance which is marked 240V,
1200W means that the electrical appliance
will consume 1200J of energy in every second
if the potential difference across it is 240V.
Example
A bulb rated 240V/80W is operated from a 120V power source.
Find the resistance and the current flows through it.

Answer:
P=V 2R
80=(240)2R
R=(240) 280
=720Ω

The current flows through the bulb

I=V/R
I=120/720
=0.167A
* The larger the power rating in the electrical appliance, the
higher energy is used for every second.
* The longer the usage time, the higher electrical energy is
consumed.
* The cost of electricity consumption is based on the number of
kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electrical energy used.
* The kilowatt-hours are sometimes known as the domestic units
of electricity.
* The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the energy used by a device at a
rate of 1000 watts in one hour.
*
1 kWh = (1000 W) × (60 × 60 s) = 3.6 MJ
Example:
If TNB charges 22 cents for each kWh of electrical energy used,
calculate the total cost of using a 2kW electric kettle for 15 minutes
and a 20 W filament bulb for 8 hours.

Answer:
Electrical energy consumed by the kettle,
E1=P1t1
E1=(2kW)(15/60h)=0.5kWh

Electrical energy consumed by the bulb,

E2=P2t2
E1=(0.02kW)(8h)=0.16kWh

Total energy consumed,

E=E1+E2
E=0.5+0.16=0.66kWh

Cost=0.66×22cent=14.52cent
* The efficiency of an electrical appliance is
given by the following equation

* Normally, the efficiency of an electrical

appliance is less than 100% due to the energy
lost as heat and the work done against friction
in a machine.

*
Example 1
A lamp is marked “240V, 50W”. If it produces a light output of
40W, what is the efficiency of the lamp?
Example 2
An electric motor raises a mass of 2kg to a height of 5m in 10s. If
the input current from a source of 12V is 2A, find the efficiency
of the electric motor.

Answer:
Input power,
P=IV
P=(2)(12)
P=24W