Formula for Z0

General formula for Z0

 Reflection of waves
• If a lossless transmission line has infinite length or
is terminated in its characteristic impedance, all
the power applied to the line by the generator at
one end is absorbed by the load at the other end.
• If a finite piece of line is terminated in an
impedance not equal to the characteristic
impedance, it can be appreciated that some (but
not all) of the applied power will be absorbed by
the termination. The remaining power will be
reflected.
 Propagation constant (ϒ)
• The transmission line which has an attenuation
constant (α) and the phase constant (β) is called
the propagation constant (ϒ)of the transmission
line.
•
 Propagation constant (ϒ)
• The real part of the propagation constant is
the attenuation constant and is denoted by
Greek lowercase letter α (alpha). It causes a
signal amplitude to decrease along a transmission
line.
• The phase constant is denoted by Greek
lowercase letter β (beta) adds the imaginary
component to the propagation constant. It
determines the sinusoidal amplitude/phase of
the signal along a transmission line, at a constant
time
 Non resonant line
• A line terminated in its characteristic impedance
is called,a nonresonant, resistive, or flat, line.
• The voltage and current in such a line are
constant in phase throughout its length if the line
is lossless, or are reduced exponentially if the line
has losses.
• When a line is terminated in-a short circuit or an
open circuit, none of the power will be dissipated
in such a termination, and all of it will be
reflected back to the generator.
 Resonant line
• A line terminated in other than its characteristic
impedance is called a resonant line.
• If the line is lossless, it should be possible to send a
wave out and then quickly replace the generator by a
short circuit.
• The power in the line would shunt back and forth,
never diminishing because the line· is lossless. Thus the
line is then called resonant line.
• It is called resonant line because of its similarity to a
resonant LC circuit, in which the power is transferred
back and forth between the electric and magnetic
fields.
 Standing waves
What are standing waves ?
• If ZL is not equal to Z0, some power is absorbed,
and the rest is reflected.
• thus there is one set of waves, V and I, traveling
toward the load, and the reflected set traveling
back to the generator.
• These two sets of traveling waves, going in
opposite directions (180° out of phase), set up an
interference pattern known as standing waves,
 Standing waves
• This is shown in Figure for a short-circuited line. It
is seen that stationary voltage and current
minima (nodes) and maxima (antinodes)-have
appeared. They are separated by half the
wavelength of the signal.
 SWR-Standing wave ratio
• Standing-wave ratio (SWR) The ratio of
maximum current to minimum current along a
transmission line is called the standing-wave
ratio.
• The SWR is a measure of the mismatch between
the load and the line, and is the first and most
important quantity calculated for a particular
load.
• The SWR is equal to unity (a desirable condition)
when the load is perfectly matched.
 SWR-Standing wave ratio
SWR = Z0 /RL or RL/Z0 Whichever is greater

Where
Z0 = Characteristic Impedance
RL = Load Resistance