Info Radar

T30521
SURABAYA MAY 2007

2
 Use the units prefixes
 Calculate in dB and dBm

 Define what is Frequency and Wavelength
 List the classification of the Radio Spectrum and use

Objectives
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Les informations contenues dans ce document sont la propriété exclusive du Groupe Thales. Elles ne doivent pas être divulguées sans l'accord écrit de Thales Systèmes Aéroportés S.A. T30521
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Frequency & Wavelength
Les informations contenues dans ce document sont la propriété exclusive du Groupe Thales. Elles ne doivent pas être divulguées sans l'accord écrit de Thales Systèmes Aéroportés S.A.
Fundamental relationship
c = f ;  = c/f
Where:
1) c = velocity of light 3x108 meters/second
2) f = frequency (Hz)
3)  = wavelength (m)
Reminder:
f=1/T
1) T = period (s)
2) f = frequency (Hz)
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SI UNIT PREFIXES
PREFIX FACTOR BY WHICH LETTER
THE ROOT UNIT IS MULTIPLIED SYMBOL
exa 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018 E
peta 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015 P
tera 1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 T
giga 1 000 000 000 = 109 G
mega 1 000 000 = 106 M
Kilo 1 000 = 103 k
hecto 100 = 102 h
deca 10 = 101 da
deci 0.1 = 10-1 d
centi 0.01 = 10-2 c
milli 0.001 = 10-3 m
Micro 0. 000 001 = 10-6 
nano 0.000 000 001 = 10-9 n
pico 0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12 p
femto 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15 f
atto 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18 a
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic Waves
0 300 3K 3M 3G 3T 300T 3.1015 3.1016 3.1019
F (Hz)
Gamma
Infra sound Radio Frequency Waves Infra red Ultra violets
rays
Audio Ultra sound Light X rays
 (m)
 1000K 100K 0.1mm 1 1.10-7 1.10-8 1.10-11
Electromagnetic waves
The electromagnetic spectrum is a family of different kinds of waves.

They all travel through empty space at the same speed. This speed is called The Speed of Light. It
is 300 000 000 m/s (three hundred million metres per second).
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RADAR FREQUENCY BANDS DESIGNATION
Previous
Frequency Designation
 (cm)
Wavelength 300 100 30 15 7,5 3,75 3 2 1,5 0,75 0,5 0,3
VHF UHF L S C X Ku K Ka Millimeters
Frequency (GHz)
0.1 0.15 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 30 40 50 60 75 100
Current
Frequency Designation
 (cm) 300 100 30 15 7,5 3,75 3 2 1,5 0,75 0,5 0,3

Wavelength
A B C D EF G H I J K L M
Frequency (GHz) 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.3 0.5 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 100
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V/UHF
Radio Frequency Designations V/UHF/SHF
UHF UHF
HF
Frequency Designation Abbreviation Wavelength

3 - 30KHz Very Low Frequency VLF 100Km - 10Km
30 - 300KHz Low Frequency LF 10Km - 1Km
300 - 3000KHz Medium Frequency MF 1Km - 100m
3 - 30MHz High Frequency HF 100m - 10m
30 - 300MHz Very High Frequency VHF 10m - 1m
300 - 3000MHz Ultra High Frequency UHF 1m - 10cm
3 - 30GHz Super High Frequency SHF 10cm - 1cm
30 - 300GHz Extra High frequency EHF 1cm - 1mm
SHF LF to SHF
LF to SHF MF
HF to UHF
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dB and dBm
DEFINITION OF GAIN
Pin = input power in Watt
Pout = output power in Watt
The power gain of a circuit in decibels (dB) is given by

the following relation:
(power gain)dB = 10 log (Pout / Pin)
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dB and dBm
Example
Pin = 20 mW and Pout = 35 W.
What is the power gain in decibels?
(power gain)dB = 10 log (Pout / Pin)
= 10 log ( 35 / 20.10–3)
(power gain)dB = 10 log (1750) = 10 x3.24
(power gain)dB = 32.4 dB
NOTE: Pout Pin

this device is a power amplifier;
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dB and dBm
VOLTAGE GAIN
Very often, instead of using the power ratio the voltage ratio is
used. The voltage gain in decibels is defined as follows:
(voltage gain)dB = 20 log (Vout / Vin)
Example
Vin = 5.7 V, Vout = 3.4 V.
Find the voltage gain in dB.
(voltage gain)dB = 20 log (Vout / Vin)
= 20 log (3.4 / 5.7)
= 20 x (–0.224)
(voltage gain)dB = –4.5 dB
Note: result is negative, it’s an attenuation
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dB and dBm
DEFINITION OF dBm
Let us consider the output power corresponding to an input power equal to 1

mW.
A dBm value corresponds to a power level, expressed in dB, as its ratio

referred to 1 mW.
(power level)dBm = 10 log ( Pout / 1 mW)
Remark: the letter “m” in dBm means “milliwatt”.
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dB and dBm
Example
Express Pout in mW.
The power level at the output is equal to 20 dBm.
(power level) dBm = 10 log ( Pout / 1 mW)
20 dBm = 10 log (Pout / Pin)
20 / 10 = log ( Pout / 1 mW)
102 = 100 = Pout / 1 mW
Pout = 100 mW
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dB and dBm
RELATION BETWEEN dB and dBm
We can express:
– The output power level in dBm.

– The input power level in dBm.
– The power gain in dB.
(Power gain)dB = 10 log (Pout / Pin)

= 10 log (Pout / 1 mW) – 10 log (Pin / 1 mW)
(power gain)dB = (output power level)dBm – (input power level)dBm
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dB and dBm
Example
The output power level is 30 dBm.

The input power level is 10 dBm.
Find the power gain in dB.
(power gain)dB = (output power level)dBm – (input power level)dBm

(power gain)dB = 30dBm – 10dBm
(power gain)dB = 20 dB
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Objectives
– List the characteristics of a radar signature
– Define the EM wave and its properties
– State the different radar types
– Analyse the radar parameters
– Identify the main radar parameters measurement principles
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Characteristics of a RADAR Signature
Radar transmissions consist of combinations of the attributes
listed below depending upon their function:
 Radio Frequency
 Frequency Spectrum
 Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
 Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI)
 Pulse Duration also known as Pulse Width (PW)
 Duty Cycle
 Radiated Beam width
 Polarisation
 Scan Type
 Scan Period
 Signal Power
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Radio Waves
 Radio Waves travel at the speed of light, which can be shown as either:
- 300,000,000 metres per second (3 x 108m/s)
- 300,000 kilometres per second
- 300 meters per microsecond (µs)
- 186,000 miles per second
- 162,000 nautical miles per second.
 The speed can vary slightly depending upon the medium through which the
radio waves are travelling.
 Heavy rain, Clouds, Cold and Warm temperatures can all have an effect on
Radar waves but as a general rule, the above values are always used in
calculations.
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I
T
L
E
P
D
U
A
M
0 Seconds
1 Cycle in 1 Second = 1 Hertz
WAVELENGTH λ (metres)
1 Second
A simple Radio Wave
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Time (seconds)
Frequency (Hz) = Number of

complete cycles in 1 second
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I
T
L
E
P
D
U
A
M
0 Seconds
WAVELENGTH λ (metres)
16 Cycles in 1 Second = 16 Hertz

A simple Radio Wave
1 Second
Frequency (Hz) = Number of
complete cycles in 1 second
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Time (seconds)
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I
T
L
E
P
D
U
A
M
0 Seconds
1 Cycle Per Second (1 Hertz)
WAVELENGTH λ (Metres)
1 Second
Calculating Wavelength ()
Time (seconds)
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Time (seconds)
Frequency 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
6 Cycles Per Second (6 Hertz)
Frequency 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency 3
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

0 Seconds 1 Second
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 The wavelength (λ) of an electromagnetic wave is defined by:
c
λ
f
Where :
- λ is the wavelength in metres (m)
- c is the speed of light in metres per second (m/s)
(c = 300,000,000 m/s)
- f is the frequency in Hertz (Hz).
Example 1: - Using a frequency of 9 Giga Hertz or (9,000,000,000Hz)

λ = 0.033 m or 3.3 cm
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RADAR Types
Pulse Radar
This type of radar transmits short bursts or ‘pulses’ of RF energy into the
atmosphere in a well defined beam and then uses ultra sensitive receivers to
listen for reflected energy (echoes) returning from potential targets.
The information obtained from a pulsed radar are:
- range.
- angular direction.
- relative velocity (Doppler computation)
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RADAR Types
Continuous Wave (CW) radar
This requires a second antenna to allow the receiver to listen for echoes while
the first antenna is being continually used for transmitting. This type of radar
will generally provide:
- relative velocity by measuring directly the doppler frequency shift
given by the target speed,
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RADAR Types
Pulse Doppler radar
This relatively modern radar uses pulses of RF energy in the same way as a
standard pulsed radar but also employs advanced digital processing
techniques to provide:
- relative velocity as a primary parameter by measuring doppler
frequency,
- range, as a secondary parameter,
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RADAR Types
Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FM/CW) radar
This type of radar uses a continuous wave (CW) transmission, which is being
continuously frequency modulated.
The reason for modulating the frequency of the CW wave is to provide an
accurate timing source in order for the processor to calculate target range,
which is not possible using an unmodulated CW transmission.
This type of radar will generally provide:
- range,
- relative velocity,
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Radar
Target Range
Very high energy pulse
from the target

directed toward the target
Very weak echo reflected

Pulse Radar - Definition
target
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Range Measurement Principle
Target Range = C x t (seconds)
2
Where:
C is the speed of light 300,000,000 m/s
t is the time taken for a pulse to travel to a
target and return to the radar receiver.
For a radar: t = 1 µs  R = 150 m
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Pulse Radar Signals - Time Parameters
0 1 Second
PRF (Hz) – Number of pulses transmitted in 1 Second
TX TX TX TX TX TX
RX RX RX RX RX
Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI)

Microseconds (µsecs)
RF RF
Pulse Width (PW) Pulse Width (PW)
Microseconds (µs) Microseconds (µs)

29
30
2
3
5 µsec
1250µsecs
3
Pulse Group Repetition Interval
2
4
PRI
Burst or ‘Groups’ of pulses

Typical ‘pulsed’ transmission diagram
PW
Single Pulse Transmissions and Pulse Bursts
PW
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i
l
e
d
u
p
A
m
Approximate Half Power points
Pulse Width measured between half power points

Amplitude Maximum
Measurement of Pulse Width
In power
Time (µs)
-3dB Reduction
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Various Form of PRI Agility
There are a number of ways in which the PRI can be varied during
the transmission sequence in order to improve detection capabilities
and also to prevent jamming from threat units.
Many radars have the capability to use complex PRI techniques, all of
which can be recognised if pulse samples are available.
PRI agility types may employ completely random values or strict
patterns.
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Jitter
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Sawtooth Pulse Frequency Modulation
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Triangular Pulse Frequency Modulation
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Sinusoidal Pulse Frequency Modulation
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Regular Pulse Stagger
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Irregular Pulse Stagger
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Irregular Pulse Groups
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Switch and Dwell (Batch Stagger) Graph
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Relation between PRI and PRF
PRF is measured in Hertz (Number of Pulses Per Second).
PRI is the inverse of PRF and is the interval between successive
pulses.
The word period is generally used and the abbreviation is PRP (Pulse
Repetition Period)
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Above sea surface scenario - Frequency spectrum
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Air Search
Surf Search
ASM seekers
Navigation
Patmar
Combat A/C
AEW
Air Defense systems
Battlefield Surveillance
IFF
Comms
Surface ships
Submarines
Maritime Patrol
Band A B C D E F G H I J K
F (GHz) 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 40
Emitters statistic distribution
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Above sea surface scenario - Threat detection
X band ASW search V/UHF X band surface search
Agility IFF
Low ERP
Profile - ISAR
TWS
25 Nm
Radio horizon
35 Nm
>100 Nm
Free space
WIDE BAND RECEIVER SENSITIVITY ENABLES RANGE ADVANTAGE
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Above sea surface scenario - Sensitivity
dBmi
20
Shipborne
Surveillance
radars
40 MPA radar Anti ship missile seeker
Combat A/C radar

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Wide band Receiver
DR3000
80
LPI Digital narrow band Receiver
100
2 8 14 18
GHz
Side lobes
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Some definitions about EW
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UIT standard OTAN standard IEEE standard
3-30 kHz VLF 0-250 MHz A UIT standard
30-300 kHz LF
VLF : Very Low Frequency
300-3000 kHz MF LF : Low Frequency
3-30 MHz HF MF : Medium Frequency
HF : High Frequency
30-300 MHz VHF VHF : Very High Frequency
300-3000 MHz UHF 250-500 MHz B UHF : Ultra High Frequency
SHF : Super High Frequency
500-1000 MHz C EHF : Extremely High Frequency
1-2 GHz D 1-2 GHz L
2-3 GHz E 2-4 GHz S
OTAN standard
3-30 GHz SHF 3-4 GHz F
4-6 GHz G 4-8 GHz C Each band can be divided in 10 sub-
bands equal to 1 to 10
6-8 GHz H (B1 = 250-275 MHz, G2 = 4,2-4,4
8-10 GHz I 8-12 GHz X GHz).
10-20 GHz J
12-18 GHz Ku IEEE standard
18-27 GHz K
UHF or P : 0,3-1 GHz
30-300 GHz EHF 20-40 GHz K 27-40 GHz Ka Q: 40-55 GHz
40-60 GHz L 40-75 GHz V V: 55-75 GHz
60-100 GHz M
75-110 GHz W
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Radar parameters
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At pulse level RF pulse
F
time
I. RF signal :
1) Polarization
2) Frequency F
Detected pulse
L LV
I. Detected signal:
1) Level LV L /2 PW
2) Pulse Width PW
3) Time Of Arrival TOA
time
TOA
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Radar parameters
Signal burst
PRI at signal
burst level
time
PRI PRIn  t 0,n1  t 0,n
t0,n t0,n+1 t0,n+2 t0,n+3
Pulse group repetition interval PRI
Pattern period
time
time
PRI & PRImod Saw tooth
t0,n t0,n+1 t0,n+2 t0,n+3 t0,n+4
PRI PRI
I. Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) Pattern period

time
Pattern period
time
1) Time from leading edge between 2
Regular stagger Triangles
pulses
PRI PRI
II. PRI modulation (PRImod)
Pattern period
time time
Irregular stagger Jitter (noise)
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Radar parameters
Frequency Signal burst F
Fn Fn+1 Fn+2 Fn+3
agility at FAB
signal burst Burst period

time
level time
Agility between groups
FAB
time
I. Emitter frequency agility:

Random agility pulse to pulse
1) Frequency agility bandwidth (FAB)
2) Agility law: distribution of the frequencies F
FAB
3) Agility between groups: the frequency
changes at each group of pulses Group period
time
II. Emitter PW agility: change of radar mode

Agility by group of pulses
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Radar parameters
Antenna scanning A
ARP ARP ARP
Circular scanning time

A Pulse group
ARP A ARP1 ARP1
ARP2 ARP2
ARPn  tsn1  tsn
Beam
Sectorial scanning time
A ARP1
time Constant level
tsn = t0,N tsn+1 = t0,N+P
ARP2
I. Antenna scanning: Lock-on time
1) Antenna Rotation Period (ARP) A
2) Scan pattern (circular, sectorial, lock-on, other...)

3) Lighting frequency
II. 3 dB antenna aperture in azimuth: Beam Lighting frequency time
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Intrapulse modulation Radar parameters
IMOP UMOP
Local defaults corresponding of modulations
or amplitude drift, frequency drift, and phase
drift
time time A
F  Frequency
Fmax p jump
drift
F duration
Fmin
0 time
phase
Frequency shift shift Double-phase code
I. MOP : Modulation On Pulse

1) Intentional modulations = IMOP (Intentional MOP) :
CHIRP = FMOP (Frequency MOP)
PMOP (Phase MOP)
2) UMOP (Unintentional MOP)
Modulations or drifts
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Radar parameters
Continuous transmission
FM-CW
 CW (continuous wave)
1) Fire control
F T
 FM-CW (frequency modulated CW) Fmax
F
1) Discrete radar Fmin
Simple slope time
2) T equivalent to PRI
F T
Fmax
F
Fmin
FM-ICW Double slope time
F Fmax
F
Fmin
T Pseudo continuous transmission
A PW PRI
 FM-ICW (frequency modulated
time
interrupted CW)
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Some definitions about EW
Electromagnetic spectrum
1 km 1m 1 mm 1 µm
Wave length [m]
105 104 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-9 10-12 10-15
3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz 300 GHz 300 THz Frequency
UV
radio IR X ray  ray Cosmic ray
VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF visible (0,75-0,4 m)
TLP/OTH LR MR SR Guidance and laser telemetry

Radars
Non intentional radiation
(IR3/8-12 m, IR2/3-5 m,
Radio navigation GPS RA
IR1/1-1,2 µm, visible, near UV)
IFF SR : Short Range

strategic LR MR-SR Optronic GPS : Global Positioning System
IFF : Interrogation Friend or Foe
domain IR : Infra Red
LR : Long Range
E-beam MR : Medium Range
OTH : Over The Horizon
Communications satellites RA : Radio Altimeter
UV : Ultra Violet
Electromagnetic domain
Military use
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Nm
H1
( D = 2.2
m
+ H1
D
m
H2
Radar horizon
Earth
H2
D = 20 Nm
Exemple:
H2 = 25 m
H1 = 16 m
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Radar detection formula
1
4pD 2
RECEIVER
TRANSMITTER Distance D
Level received is
function of antenna
area, losses and
distance
Fe Frequency Gr = Antenna Gain

Pe Emitted Power Sant = Effective surface of the antenna
Ge Antenna gain (main lobe)
2
Sant  Gr
4p
  Power density received :
dP PeGe  = wave length
 in W / m 2
dS 4pD 2
c

  Power behind antenna : Frequency
dP Gr2
Pr  with c  3.108 m / s
dS 4p
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dBW / M2 dBm
Surface = Sr
Power Density
dBm
Processing
Gain G = Sr / Si
Power received = Power density x surface
Surface: Si = 2/4p
Power Density
dBmi dBm
isotropic
Processing
Gain = 0 dB Gain G NF = 0
Density(dBW/m²) = sensitivity(dBmi) + 20 log F – 8.55 dB

F in GHz
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dP 2
Pi  in W
dS 4p
dP c2
1000 pi 
dS F 2 4p in mW
In logarithms:
30 + 10logpi = density(dBW/m2 ) – 20logF(GHz) – 120 + 20log3 + 160 – 10log4p
received in dBmi = density(dBW/m2 ) – 20logF(GHz) + 8.55
density(dBW/m2 ) = received in dBmi + 20logF(GHz) - 8.55
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density(dBW/m2 ) = received (in dBmi) + 20 logF(GHz) - 8.55
Density = (Pe Ge)/4p D2
density(dBW/m2 ) = 10 logPe + Ge – 10log 4p – 20 logD
With Pe in W, Ge in dB and D in m
Maximum distance is computed with the density that corresponds with the sensitivity:
sensitivity (in dBmi) + 20 logF(GHz) - 8.55= 10 logPe + Ge – 10log 4p – 20 logDmax
With Pe in W, Ge in dB and D in m
20 logDmax = 10 logPe + Ge – 10log 4p – sensitivity (in dBmi) – 20 logF(GHz) + 8.55

Example with sensitivity = – 60 dBmi , F = 3 GHz, Ge = 30 dB and Pe = 4000 W:
20 logDmax = 36 + 30 – 11 + 60 – 9.54 + 8.55 = 114
Dmax = 10exp5.7 = 501187m
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20 logDmax = 10 logPe + Ge – 2.45 – sensitivity (in dBmi) – 20 logF(GHz)
20 logDmax = 30 + 30 – 2.45 + 40 – 0 = 97.55
Dmax = 75422 m
 PR 
   10 log Pe  Ge  32,45  20 log D  20 log Fe
 GR 
    
dBmi in kW in dB in km in GHz
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20 logDmax = 10 logPe + Ge – 2.45 – sensitivity (in dBmi) – 20 logF(GHz)
20 logDmax = 30 + 30 – 2.45 + 40 – 0 = 97.55
Dmax = 75422 m
 PR 
 GR 
    
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Radar formula
• Power received behind antenna
P E GE GR 2
Pr  with  L  losses
(4p ) 2 D 2 L
• Power received at the vertical of the aerial
PR 2
 dP / dS
GR 4p
9 1
 dP / dS
4p 2
10 F 2( GHz )
Using log
 PR 
 R
G
    
1
1 0,755 ( PeGe PR 30)
Distance (Nm) =  10 20
Pe in kW & Pr in dBm 1852 F
F in GHz
60

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T30521

SURABAYA MAY 2007

 Calculate in dB and dBm

 List the classification of the Radio Spectrum and use

Audio Ultra sound Light X rays

 1000K 100K 0.1mm 1 1.10-7 1.10-8 1.10-11

The electromagnetic spectrum is a family of different kinds of waves.

VHF UHF L S C X Ku K Ka Millimeters

 (cm) 300 100 30 15 7,5 3,75 3 2 1,5 0,75 0,5 0,3

Frequency (GHz) 0.1 0.15 0.25 0.3 0.5 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 50 60 100

Frequency Designation Abbreviation Wavelength

The power gain of a circuit in decibels (dB) is given by

(power gain)dB = 10 log (Pout / Pin)

NOTE: Pout Pin

(voltage gain)dB = 20 log (Vout / Vin)

Let us consider the output power corresponding to an input power equal to 1

A dBm value corresponds to a power level, expressed in dB, as its ratio

(power level)dBm = 10 log ( Pout / 1 mW)

Remark: the letter “m” in dBm means “milliwatt”.

– The output power level in dBm.

(Power gain)dB = 10 log (Pout / Pin)

(power gain)dB = (output power level)dBm – (input power level)dBm

The output power level is 30 dBm.

(power gain)dB = (output power level)dBm – (input power level)dBm

– Define the EM wave and its properties

– State the different radar types

– Analyse the radar parameters

– Identify the main radar parameters measurement principles

Frequency (Hz) = Number of

16 Cycles in 1 Second = 16 Hertz

6 Cycles Per Second (6 Hertz)

12 Cycles Per Second (12 Hertz)

24 Cycles Per Second (24 Hertz)

Example 1: - Using a frequency of 9 Giga Hertz or (9,000,000,000Hz)

from the target

Very weak echo reflected

For a radar: t = 1 µs  R = 150 m

Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI)

Pulse Width (PW) Pulse Width (PW)

Microseconds (µs) Microseconds (µs)

Burst or ‘Groups’ of pulses

Pulse Width measured between half power points

F (GHz) 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 3 4 6 8 10 20 40

Emitters statistic distribution

WIDE BAND RECEIVER SENSITIVITY ENABLES RANGE ADVANTAGE

Combat A/C radar

Pulse group repetition interval PRI

I. Pulse Repetition Interval (PRI) Pattern period

Irregular stagger Jitter (noise)

signal burst Burst period

I. Emitter frequency agility:

II. Emitter PW agility: change of radar mode

Circular scanning time

Sectorial scanning time

I. Antenna scanning: Lock-on time

1) Antenna Rotation Period (ARP) A

2) Scan pattern (circular, sectorial, lock-on, other...)