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Programming with C++

Lecture 1
Sikander Naseem
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Program
 Standard definition
Set of instructions executed by a computer system
to perform a task (function).

 Written in a language referred as computer

languages
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Computer languages classification

 Classified on the level of communication
• Low level: Communication at the native level of computer e.g.
machine language (binary code), Assembly languages.

• High Level: Communication in emulated human like language e.g.

Fortran, Cobol, Pascal, C++

• Intermediate level: Sometime languages such as assembly

languages and C are classified in intermediate level.
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Comparison
 Low level  High Level
• Efficient in execution Opposite
• Difficult to read/write
• Cross Device(hardware)
implementation restrictions
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Object oriented programing

 Object Technology
• Object: Anything with which we can interact through
human sense (Grammar reference)

• The technology was first used in Simula programing

language in 1960s, developed in Norway

• In Simula Physical objects e.g. a Door is modeled as object

which can be accessed by another object e.g. a Person
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Object oriented programing

 Standard Programming structure: Sets of instructions
with operations and data are separate aspects
 In context of Object Technology: Operations and Data
are two portions of a single object.
 We can establish that the in object oriented program
we have collection of well designed objects
interacting with each other to perform a specific task
(function).
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Object oriented programing

Mechanical system example with objects: Bodies with
mass, Physical quantities (work, force heat)

DATA DATA

Object 1 Object 2

Operations Operations
Program in context of object technology
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Object oriented programing

 Operation: Ears
• the available methods for an object. Eyes
Also referred as the functions of the
object. Mouth
• Means of interaction with other
objects Legs
 Data:
• Item or variables defining the Fig: Cow Object and its attributes
attributes (properties) of the object
 Instructions: Operations: Running, eating, hearing
• To pass the message to perform
certain the operations
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Object oriented programing

 For a Programmer Object is a black box for which
• Data is given
• Enabling it to lists its methods (operations)
• Messaging between the objects ( e.g. instructing a pet to run)
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Object oriented programing

 Objects for Programmer
DATA DATA DATA
Object X

Operations Operations

Operations Operations
Object Y
DATA DATA DATA
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Object Classes
 Generally objects are grouped in Generic Classes

 For instance, object triangle, circle, square can be

grouped together in class “Diagram”

 And objects Shan, Izaz raouf can be grouped

together in class “Person”
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Object Classes
 Class templates: Contains basic data of an objects
related to that class.
 For e.g. data types objects such as int “i”, string
“s”
Class Object
Person Shan
Diagram triangle
Int i
String s
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Key Object Orientation concepts

 DIYS from Chapter 2
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Aggregation/composition
• Inheritance
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The End
Thanks for coming

Reference books:
Turbo C++ by examples, Greg Perry and Marcus Johnson,
1st Edition, Prentice Hall, Holis NH

Programming with C++, SCHAUM’s outlines, John Hubbard,

3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, New Delhi