DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

DR. MELVY JUNE BALASA

ORAL REGION
 LIPS
3 PARTS:
1. External (skin) region 3. Internal (mucosal)
– Sebaceous glands region
– Sweat glands – Minor salivary glands
– Hair follicles – Fordyce granules
2. Vermilion zone
– Fordyce granules
PALATE
• • Click tonasal
Separates edit text
cavity styles
from oral cavity - Widesc
reen(16:9)
• Soft palate
• Stratified squamous nonkeratinized
• Hard palate
• Stratified squamous parakeratinized to stratified
squamous keratinized
• Minor mucous glands in the mucoperiosteum
• Uvula
– At posterior terminus of soft palate

• Nasal aspect of palate

– Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
(respiratory epithelium)
TEETH
• Pulp
• 3 calcified tissues  calcium hydroxyapatite
1. Enamel
• most calcified tissue in the body
• composed mostly of enamelin
• Elaborated by ameloblasts
• Acellular after tooth eruption
2. Cementum
- mostly type I collagen
- Produced by cementoblasts
- continuously elaborated after tooth eruption
3. Dentin
- gelatinous, richly vascularized connective tissue
- Containing odontoblasts, fibroblasts, mesenchymal
cells, & Type I & III collagen fibers
- contains afferent nerve fibers
 Dental sac form
Crown forms at 6-7 Dental papilla give
attachment
weeks rise to dentin & pulp
apparatus

Enamel organ forms

Dental lamina from into enamel & Crown forms before
oral epithelium junctional the root
epithelium

Tooth germs
develops thru
Projects into
epithelial-
ectomesenchyme
mesenchyme
interaction
• Attachment apparatus • Sequential stages of
– Cementum crown formation of the
– Periodontal ligament tooth germ
– Bony alveolus – Bud
– Connective tissue of – Cap
gingiva – Bell
– Appositional stages
TONGUE
• Divided into anterior 2/3 & posterior 1/3 by
sulcus terminalis and ends in the foramen cecum
• Dorsal surface stratified squamous parakeratinized to
keratinized epithelium
• Ventral surface stratified squamous nonkeratinized
Lingual papillae
located on dorsal surface of anterior 2/3 of the tongue
• Filiform papillae
– Highly keratinized, lacking taste buds

• Fungiform papillae
– Mushroom-shaped, containing occasional taste buds
on the superior aspect
• Foliate papillae
– Shallow longitudinal furrows on the lateral aspect of p
osterior region of the ant. 2/3 of tongue

• Circumvallate papillae
– Anterior to sulcus terminalis
– Possess taste buds
– Glands of von Ebner
• Minor salivary glands
• deliver serous secretion into the furrow surrounding each
papilla
• Lingual tonsils
– Located on dorsal surface of posterior 1/3 of tongue

• Muscular core of tongue

– Skeletal muscle fibers in 3 planes with minor salivary
glands
ALIMENTARY
CANAL
GENERAL HISTOLOGIC ORGANIZATION

• Mucosa
– Epithelium
– Lamina propria
– Muscularis mucosae
• Submucosa
• Muscularis Externa
• Serosa/ Adventitia
ESOPHAGUS
• Stratified squamous nonkeratinized
• Lamina propria  esophageal cardiac glands
• Muscularis mucosa single longitudinal layer
• Submucosa esophageal glands proper
• Muscularis externa
– Upper 1/3: skeletal muscle
• Innervated by vagus nerve
– Middle 1/3: smooth & skeletal muscle
– Lower 1/3: smooth muscle
• 2 physiologic sphincters
– Pharyngoesophageal
– Gastroesophageal
STOMACH
• Acidifies and converts bolus into a chyme
• 4 regions
1. Cardiac
2. Fundus
3. Body/ antrum
4. Pylorus
• Rugae
– Longitudinal folds of mucosa and submucosa
• Gastric pits (foveolae)
– shallowest in the cardia and deepest in the pylorus
Gastric mucosa
• Simple columnar epithelium
• Mucinogen-producing surface lining cells
– Produce visible mucus
• Lamina propria
– Contains gastric glands
• Muscularis mucosae
– Poorly defined inner circular layer & outer longitudinal
layer, & outermost circular layer
Gastric submucosa
• Dense irregular CT
• Houses Meissner (submucosal) plexus
• Supply & drain the vessels of mucosa
Gastric Muscularis Externa
• 3 layers of smooth muscle
– Incomplete inner oblique
– Thick middle circular  forms the pyloric sphincter
– Outer longitudinal layer
• Auerbach (myenteric) plexus
Gastric glands
• Cells of fundic glands
– Parietal (oxyntic) cells
• Upper half of the gland
• Secrete HCl & IF

– Chief (zymogenic) cells

• Lower half of the gland
• Secrete pepsinogen, & precursors of renin & lipase
• Mucous neck cells
– Produce soluble mucus that lubricates the lining of the
stomach
• DNES cells
– Aka enteroendocrine cells or APUD
– Open
• Have short processes that reach the lumen
• chemosensory
– Closed
• No processes & are closed off from luminal content
• Regenerative cells
– Located in the neck & isthmus
– Replace all the epithelial cells of the gland, gastric pit,&
luminal surface
Small Intestine
• Approx. 7m long
• 3 regions
– Duodenum
– Jejunum
– Ileum
 Luminal surface modifications
• Plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring)
– Permanent spiral folds of mucosa & submucosa
present in the distal half of duodenum, entire
jejunum, & proximal half of ileum
– Increase the surface area 2-3 fold
• Intestinal villi
– Permanent evaginations that increase the surface
area 10-fold
• Microvilli
– Increase the surface area about 20-fold
 Mucosa
• Simple columnar
• Goblet cells
– Unicellular glands
– Produce mucinogen w/c is converted to mucin
• Acts as protective coating of epithelial lining of lumen
 Lamina propria
• Contains lacteals & • Paneth cells
capillary loops – Pyramidal cells that secrete
• Crypts of Lieberkuhn lysozyme,defensins, & TNF
– Simple tubular glands • Regenerative cells: stem
– From intervillous space to cells
muscularis mucosae • Intermediate cells: have
regenerative properties
• Lymphoid nodules  form Peyer patches
– M cells
• from undifferentiated cells of crypt of Lieberkuhn
– Activated B lymphocytes
– Plasma cells
• manufacture Ig A
 Submucosa
• Fibroelastic CT
• Meissner plexus, blood & lymphatic vessels
• Houses Brunner glands
– Produce alkaline fluid & urogastrone
 Muscularis Externa
• 2 layers
– Inner circular layer
• Forms the ileocecal sphincter
– Outer longitudinal layer
• AUERBACH PLEXUS
 External layer
• Serosa
– Covers all of the jejunum & ileum & part of
duodenum
• Adventitia
– Covers the remainder of the duodenum
Large Intestine
• Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal, & appendix
• Houses bacteria that produce Vit. B12 & Vit. K
• Produces abundant mucus
• Absorb electrolytes, fluids, & gasees
 Cecum & Colon
• Mucosa
– Lacks villi & possesses no specialized folds
– Simple columnar with numerous goblet cells, surface
absorptive cells,& DNES
– Lamina propria fibroblasts & lymphoid elements (GALT)
– Muscularis mucosa ICOL
• Submucosa
• Muscularis externa
– ICOL
– Outer layer contains taenia coli
– Taenia coli form sacculations of the wall when
continuously contracted  haustra coli
• External layer
– Adentitia
• ascending & descending part of colon
– Serosa
• covers the cecum & remainder of colon
 Rectum
• Similar to colon but with fewer & deeper
crypts of Lieberkuhn
 Anal canal
• Anal mucosa
– Anal columns/ rectal columns of Morgagni which join
to form anal valves
• Simple columnar to simple cuboidal prox. to anal
valves
• Stratified squamous nonkeratinized distal to anal
valves
• Stratified squamous keratinized at the anus
• Muscularis mucosa  ICOL and terminate at
anal valves
• Anal submucosa houses large veins
• Anal muscularis externa  ICOL
– INNER CIRCULAR forms the internal anal sphincter
• External anal sphincter
– Skeletal muscle which exhibits continuous tonus
to maintain a closed anal orifice
Appendix
 Mucosa
• Simple columnar
• No villi but with shallow crypts of lieberkuhn
• Muscularis mucosa ICOL
Muscularis Externa

ICOL
 Serosa
• Completely surrounds the appendix
Pancreas
 Exocrine pancreas
• Pancreatic acinar cells
– Zymogen granules at the apical region of
pancreatic acinar cells
– Basal plasmalemma has receptors for CCK & Ach
• Pancreatic ducts
– Main pancreatic duct + CBD  Ampulla of Vater
• Delivers secretions of the exocrine pancreas & contents
of gallbladder into the duodenum at MAJOR
DUODENAL PAPILLA
• Enzyme-poor alkaline fluid
– Released by intercalated duct cells by SECRETIN
with Ach
• Digestive enzymes
– Synthesized & stored in pancreatic acinar cells
– Release is stimulated by:
• CCK
• Ach
Endocrine Pancreas
LIVER
• Composed of HEPATOCYTES
• Largest gland in the body
• Surrounded by GLISSON CAPSULE
• Produces bile & plasma proteins
Liver lobules
Receive blood from vessels in
the portal areas & deliver it
to central vein
• Blood flow into the liver
– Hepatic artery
– Portal vein
• Blood flow out of the liver
– Hepatic vein
 Bile cannaliculi
• Forms the canal or the initial flow of bile
• Receive liver’s exocrine secretion (bile) and
carry it to the canals of Hering
– Composed of modified hepatocytes & low
cuboidal cholangiocytes (duct cells)
 Bile ducts
• Receive bile from canals of Hering
• Enlarge & fuse to form the hepatic ducts
Gallbladder
• Communicates with common hepatic duct via
the cystic duct
• Muscular wall contraction is stimulated by
CCK
 Mucosa
• Simple columnar
• Richly vascularized lamina propria
 Muscle layer
• Thin oblique layer of smooth muscle cells
 Connective tissue layer
• Dense irregular collagenous CT
• Houses nerves & blood vessels
 Serosa
• Covers most of the gallbladder
• Adventitia
– Present where the organ is attached to the liver