Understanding

Qualitative
Data
Definition of Data

– Information we collect to understand our

research problem and generate relevant
solutions.
– datum (singular)
– Must be directly related to the research problem.
Sources of Qualitative Data

Interview
most common
human participants are involved
done on one-on-one basis (researcher and the
research participant)
Sources of Qualitative Data

Focus group discussion

group interview (groups of 3 to 6 people)
Sources of Qualitative Data

Observation
The researcher observes the research
participants in their natural settings.
Sources of Qualitative Data

Written documents
- provide data to understand better the issues
pertaining to our research problem.
- letters, posters on the wall or on the street,
written records, written assignments, etc.
Sources of Qualitative Data

Pictures
two types:
- taken while conducting
- previously taken and are relevant to
the research
Sources of Qualitative Data

Artifacts
- important objects that may be encountered
during the observation or talking to people in
natural settings.
- carry historical or cultural value that are
important to the research
Sources of Qualitative Data

Existing audios
- some audios that can be used as source of data
are speeches of powerful leaders, sermons, radio
talks, and audio-recorded lectures
Sources of Qualitative Data

Existing videos
videos or video clips that are accessible at home,
in school library or online that are relevant to the
research
Population and Sample

Population refers to all individuals who meet the

selection criteria to participate in a study.
Population and Sample

Sample is a small number of research

participants that are purposefully selected based
on their willingness to participate in and their
expertise on your research problem.
Sampling Strategies in
Qualitative Research
Purposive sampling or purposeful sampling
Snowball sampling
Multiple variation sampling
Convenience sampling
Minimum Required Number of
Participants
Data saturation is a stage that the researcher
reaches when data starts being repeated.
Minimum Required Number of
Participants
QLR DESIGN MINIMUM NUMBER OF
PARTICIPANTS
1. Case Study 8
2. Ethnography 15
3. Phenomenology 8
4. Action Research 10
5. Content Analysis 10
Research Setting

- The physical place where you plan to conduct

your research project.
Research Setting

- It is very important to describe fully the research

setting because it helps the readers to visualize it
and decide on their own whether or not the
findings of your study are applicable to them.
- (Lune & Berg, 2017; Neuman, 2014)
Considerations Before Data
Collection
1. Think about the data
2. Think about data resources
3. Think about data collection methods
4. Think about the needed permissions
5. Think about the gatekeepers
6. Think about the research participants
Considerations Before Data
Collection
7. Think about transportation
8. Think about resources
9. Think about technology
10. Think about security
11. Think about entering and exiting the site.
12. Think about ethical issues
Considerations Before Data
Collection
13. Think about scholars
14. Think about plan B
15. Think about the research design
16. Prepare and submit your research proposal to your
teacher/professor or whoever you are supposed to report
to.
 Title Page
Table of contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Introductory paragraph
Background of the Study
Problem Statement
 Purpose Statement
Research Questions
Scope
Limitations
Significance of the Study
Summary Chapter
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introductory paragraph
Section I
Section II
Section III
Section “n”
Summary of the Chapter
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY
Introductory paragraph
Research Design
Research Setting
Sampling
Research Participants
Data Collection Procedures
Data Analysis Procedures
Quality Control Plan
Ethical Considerations
Summary of the Chapter
REFERENCES
APPENDICES