CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS

Lecture 2
 What is exactly is life?
• From the Biological perspective- Life is described with
ALL the following 4 properties (at this time)
• CELLULAR: Firstly, every living thing is cellular
– it is either a single-celled creature (unicellular - bacterium,
brewers yeast, amoeba)
– or a creature composed of many cells (muticellular -
toadstool, frog, plant, man)
• PROPERGATE: Living things reproduce themselves
– Either individually (asexual reproduction)
– In sexual pairs (sexual reproduction
• METABOLIZE: Life uses processes collectively called
metabolism to convert materials and energy for its needs
• EVOLUTION: Life undergoes evolution to different forms
LIFE

• There is no hard and fast definition of life!

• Scientists are manipulating life at this time!
• New life is being created in test tubes!
• NASA is looking for new life forms at this
time
– Was McCoy right when he found silicon based
life-forms?
What is living?

• Animals
• Plants
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Prions
• Atoms
What is living?

• Animals - yes
• Plants - yes
• Fungi - yes
• Bacteria - yes
• VIRUSES - no
• PRIONS - no
• ATOMS - no
Classification of cells
• Two main classes of cells - so far!
• Nucleus - Do they have or not have?
• Prokaryotic cells - All Bacteria & Archaea - no
nucleus
• Eukaryotic cells - Plants, animals, fungi, and
protists - all have a nucleus
• Prokaryotes also lack organelles or cytoskeleton
• Otherwise, they function very much the same.
 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
PROPERTY Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Nucleus • Absent • Present
Cell Diameter • 1 um • 10 - 100 um
Cytoskeleton • Absent • Present
Organelles • Absent • Present
DNA content (bp) • 1x10E6 to 5x10E6 • 1.5x10E7 to 5x10E9
Chromosomes • Single circular • Multiple linear DNA
DNA molecule molecules
 KNOW YOUR SI UNITS
• Each student of science must be at ease with the SI unit scale
• Length
Length metre:
metre: m
m (the
(the correct
correct English
English spelling
spelling of
of the
the unit
unit is
is "metre",
"metre", but
but the
the variant
variant "meter"
"meter" is
is frequently
frequently used
used in
in the
the
United
United States)
States)
• Mass
Mass kilogram:
kilogram: kg
kg Time
Time second:
second: ss
• electric
electric current
current ampere:
ampere: A
A thermodynamic
thermodynamic temperature
temperature kelvin:
kelvin: K
K
• SI
SI Prefixesexponent
Prefixesexponent (base
(base 10)
10) of
of decimal
decimal numbers:
numbers: E
E nn == 10nFactor                
10nFactor           
• 1099 E  9     giga     G
• 106  
6       E  6     mega     M
• 103  
3       E  3     kilo     k
• 102  
2       E  2     hecto    h
• 101  
1      E  1     deca     da
• 10­1 
­1     E ­1     deci     d
• 10­2 
­2      E ­2     centi    c
• 10­3 
­3      E ­3     milli    m
• 10­6 
­6      E ­6     micro     ｵ
• 10­9 
­9      E ­9     nano     n
• 10­12
­12     E­12     pico     p
The First Cell
• Earth formed @ 4.5 billion years ago
• Life emerged @ 3.8 billion years ago
• No or little oxygen
• CO2 and N2; H2, H2S and CO
• Add heat and water
• Organic molecules
• LIFE! ????????
The First Cell
• Proteins and RNA were thought to be the first
macromolecules produced
• Only RNA capable of directing its self-replication,
acting as both template and catalyst
• “RNA World” existed for a period of time
• The FIRST CELL is thought to have arisen when
RNA became enclosed in a phospholipid
membrane, and was able to self-replicate
Evolution of Metabolism
• The early Earth lacked O2
• Early Cells took food and energy by absorption
• Glycolysis - glucose to lactic acid
• Photosynthesis - sunlight, water, CO2 to Glucose and
O2
• Oxidative metabolism - Glucose and O2 to CO2 and
water
• ATP is generated
• All Cells use ATP for energy to drive their cellular
machinery
Prokaryotes today

• Two groups
• Archaea and the Eubacteria (true bacteria)
• Archaea live in many harsh environments
• Eubacteria populate many places
• Bacterial shapes vary, as does their size
and DNA content
01_10_Bacteria shapes.jpg
01_11_E. Coli.jpg
01_13_Sulfur bacterium.jpg
Eukaryotic Cells
• Also have a plasma membrane and ribosomes -
just as do Prokaryotes
• Nucleus, with linear chromosomes
• Organelles - mitrochondria, chloroplasts,
lysosomes, peroxisomes.
• Plant cells have vacuoles for storage, waste, or
digestion of macromolecules
• ER (endoplasmic reticulum) & Golgi apparatus
• Cytoskeleton - network of protein filaments
 01_14_Yeasts.jpg
Yeast Cell budding
Nucleus
01_15_Nucleus.jpg
Origin of Eukaryotes

• Hypothesis that a critical step in the

evolution of eukaryotic cells took place
possibly via two endosymbiotic events -
one cell living inside another
• Some of the organelles are thought to
have evolved from prokaryotes living
inside eukaryotes
01_18_folds mito.jpg
01_19_engulfed bacteria.jpg
01_20_Chloroplasts.jpg
01_21_Chloro.engulfed.jpg
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts

• Same
Same size
size as
as bacterial
bacterial cells
cells
• Reproduce
Reproduce by
by dividing
dividing into
into two,
two, like
like
bacteria
bacteria
• Both
Both contain
contain their
their own
own DNA,
DNA, coding
coding for
for
some
some ofof their
their own
own components
components
• Have
Have own
own ribosomes
ribosomes too,
too, which
which more
more
closely
closely resemble
resemble those
those of
of bacteria,
bacteria, then
then
those
those in
in the
the cell
cell cytoplasm.
cytoplasm.
 PREVIEW OF WHAT’S TO COME

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Schematic of typical animal cell, showing subcellular

components. Organelles: (1) nucleolus (2) nucleus (3)
ribosome (4) vesicle (5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
(6) Golgi apparatus (7) Cytoskeleton (8) smooth ER (9)
mitochondria (10) vacuole (11) cytoplasm (12) lysosome (13)
centrioles
01_22_ER.jpg
01_23_Golgi apparatus.jpg
01_24_Organelles.jpg
01_25_endocytosis exoc.jpg
01_27_cytoskeleton.jpg
Actin, microtubules, intermediate filaments
01_29_eucaryotes origin.jpg
Multicellular Organisms
• Many eucaryotes are unicellular just like bacteria
• Single cells capable of self-replication
• Simplest eucaryotes are the yeasts (6um & 12 million
bps)
• Amoeba is 100,000x the volume of typical E.coli bacteria
• Over a Billion years ago (> 1 x 10E9) multi-cellular
organisms evolved from single celled eukaryotes
• Volvox shows an evolutionary transition phase, of
multiple cells aggregating for the greater good.
Multicellular Volvox (algae)

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Multicellular Organisms cont…
• Plants have fewer specialized cells than do
animals
• Ground tissue - includes parenchyma cells
(metabolism including photosynthesis), and
collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells (which are
rigid and provide structure)
• Dermal tissue - covers the surface of the plant and
provides protection and diffusion
• Vascular tissue - elongated cells form the xylem
and phloem for transport
Multicellular Organisms cont…
• Animal cells are more diverse & specialized
• Human body contain over 200 different kinds of
cells
• Epithelial cells - sheets that cover the body and
line the gut
• Connective tissues - bone, cartilage, adpose
• Blood and immune systems
• Nerve cells and brain
Reading assignments to stay
current
Read Chapter 1 of textbook to page 23 & visit
website for supplemental information
(time @ 55 minutes)