Physics 6A

Rotational Motion

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 First some quick geometry review:

We need this formula for arc length

x = rθ to see the connection between
rotational motion and linear motion.

θ
We will also need to be able to
r
convert from revolutions to radians.
There are 2π radians in one
complete revolution.

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 Definitions of angular velocity and angular
x = rθ
acceleration are analogous to what we had
for linear motion. This is the Greek letter omega (not w)

θ 
r Angular Velocity = ω =
t

Angular Acceleration = α =
t
This is the Greek letter alpha
(looks kinda like a fish)

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 Definitions of angular velocity and angular
x = rθ
acceleration are analogous to what we had
for linear motion. This is the Greek letter omega (not w)

θ 
r Angular Velocity = ω =
t

Angular Acceleration = α =
t
This is the Greek letter alpha
(looks kinda like a fish)

Example: A centrifuge starts from rest and spins for 7 seconds until it reaches 1000 rpm.
Find the final angular velocity and the angular acceleration (assume constant).

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 Definitions of angular velocity and angular
x = rθ
acceleration are analogous to what we had
for linear motion. This is the Greek letter omega (not w)

θ 
r Angular Velocity = ω =
t

Angular Acceleration = α =
t
This is the Greek letter alpha
(looks kinda like a fish)

Example: A centrifuge starts from rest and spins for 7 seconds until it reaches 1000 rpm.
Find the final angular velocity and the angular acceleration (assume constant).

rpm stands for “revolutions per minute” – we can treat the first part of this problem just like a unit conversion:

1000rev 2rad 1min

   104.7 sec
rad
Standard units for angular velocity are radians per second
1min 1rev 60 sec

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 Definitions of angular velocity and angular
x = rθ
acceleration are analogous to what we had
for linear motion. This is the Greek letter omega (not w)

θ 
r Angular Velocity = ω =
t

Angular Acceleration = α =
t
This is the Greek letter alpha
(looks kinda like a fish)

Example: A centrifuge starts from rest and spins for 7 seconds until it reaches 1000 rpm.
Find the final angular velocity and the angular acceleration (assume constant).

rpm stands for “revolutions per minute” – we can treat the first part of this problem just like a unit conversion:

1000rev 2rad 1min

   104.7 sec
rad
Standard units for angular velocity are radians per second
1min 1rev 60 sec

Now we can use the definition of angular acceleration:

rad
 104.7 sec
   15 rad2 Standard units for angular acceleration are radians per second squared.
t 7 sec sec

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We already know how to deal with linear motion.
We have formulas for kinematics, forces, energy and momentum.
We will find similar formulas for rotational motion. Actually, we already know the
formulas – they are the same as the linear ones we already know!
All you have to do is translate the variables.

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We already know how to deal with linear motion.
We have formulas for kinematics, forces, energy and momentum.
We will find similar formulas for rotational motion. Actually, we already know the
formulas – they are the same as the linear ones we already know!
All you have to do is translate the variables.

We have already seen one case:

x = rθ This translates between distance (linear) and angle (rotational)

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We already know how to deal with linear motion.
We have formulas for kinematics, forces, energy and momentum.
We will find similar formulas for rotational motion. Actually, we already know the
formulas – they are the same as the linear ones we already know!
All you have to do is translate the variables.

We have already seen one case:

x = rθ This translates between distance (linear) and angle (rotational)

Here are the other variables:

v = rω linear velocity relates to angular velocity
atan = rα linear acceleration relates to angular acceleration
Notice a pattern here?

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We already know how to deal with linear motion.
We have formulas for kinematics, forces, energy and momentum.
We will find similar formulas for rotational motion. Actually, we already know the
formulas – they are the same as the linear ones we already know!
All you have to do is translate the variables.

We have already seen one case:

x = rθ This translates between distance (linear) and angle (rotational)

Here are the other variables:

v = rω linear velocity relates to angular velocity
atan = rα linear acceleration relates to angular acceleration
Multiply the angular quantity by the radius to get the corresponding linear quantity.

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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

Here is a kinematics example: A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates to a speed of 15 m/s in a
time of 25 sec. Assume the tires have a diameter of 700mm and that the acceleration is constant.
Find the total number of revolutions that the wheels make during the 25 second interval.

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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

Here is a kinematics example: A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates to a speed of 15 m/s in a
time of 25 sec. Assume the tires have a diameter of 700mm and that the acceleration is constant.
Find the total number of revolutions that the wheels make during the 25 second interval.

We basically have two options on how to proceed. We can switch to angular variables right away, or
we can do the corresponding problem in linear variables and translate at the end.

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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

Here is a kinematics example: A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates to a speed of 15 m/s in a
time of 25 sec. Assume the tires have a diameter of 700mm and that the acceleration is constant.
Find the total number of revolutions that the wheels make during the 25 second interval.

Switching to angular variables right away:

Convert to angular velocity:
15 ms
  42.9 rad
s
0.35m

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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

Here is a kinematics example: A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates to a speed of 15 m/s in a
time of 25 sec. Assume the tires have a diameter of 700mm and that the acceleration is constant.
Find the total number of revolutions that the wheels make during the 25 second interval.

Switching to angular variables right away:

Convert to angular velocity:
15 ms
  42.9 rad
s
0.35m

Find angular acceleration:

42.9 rad
 s
 1.7 rad2
25s s
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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

Here is a kinematics example: A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates to a speed of 15 m/s in a
time of 25 sec. Assume the tires have a diameter of 700mm and that the acceleration is constant.
Find the total number of revolutions that the wheels make during the 25 second interval.

Switching to angular variables right away:

Convert to angular velocity: Use a kinematics equation:
15 ms
  42.9 rad   0  0 t  21 t 2
s
0.35m
  21 (1.7 rad2 )( 25s)2  531.25rad
s
Find angular acceleration:
42.9 rad
 s
 1.7 rad2
25s s
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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

Here is a kinematics example: A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates to a speed of 15 m/s in a
time of 25 sec. Assume the tires have a diameter of 700mm and that the acceleration is constant.
Find the total number of revolutions that the wheels make during the 25 second interval.

Switching to angular variables right away:

Convert to angular velocity: Use a kinematics equation:
15 ms
  42.9 rad   0  0 t  21 t 2
s
0.35m
  21 (1.7 rad2 )( 25s)2  531.25rad
s
Find angular acceleration:
Convert to revolutions:
42.9 rad
 s
 1.7 rad2 531.25rad
25s s  84.6rev
2 rev
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We can use this technique to find angular motion formulas from the analogous
linear motion formulas we already know. Here are some kinematics formulas.

Linear Motion (constant a) Rotational Motion (constant α)

x=x0+v0t+½at2 θ=θ0+ω0t+½αt2
v=v0+at ω=ω0+αt
v2=v02+2a(x-x0) ω2=ω02+2α(θ-θ0)

Here is a kinematics example: A cyclist starts from rest and accelerates to a speed of 15 m/s in a
time of 25 sec. Assume the tires have a diameter of 700mm and that the acceleration is constant.
Find the total number of revolutions that the wheels make during the 25 second interval.

This time do the linear problem first:

Find linear acceleration: Convert to revolutions:

15 ms
a  0.6 m2 187.5m
25s s  85.3rev
2(0.35) rev
m

Use a kinematics equation:

x  x0  v 0 t  21 at 2 (we did some rounding off)

x  21 (0.6 m2 )( 25s)2  187.5m Prepared by Vince Zaccone

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Some other major topics for linear motion are Energy, Forces and Momentum.
All of these have analogues for rotational motion as well.
Any moving object will have Kinetic Energy. This applies to rotating objects.
Here’s a Formula:

K rotational  21 I  2 We know that ω is angular velocity. Comparing with the

formula for linear kinetic energy, what do you think I is?

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Some other major topics for linear motion are Energy, Forces and Momentum.
All of these have analogues for rotational motion as well.
Any moving object will have Kinetic Energy. This applies to rotating objects.
Here’s a Formula:

We know that ω is angular velocity. Comparing with the

K rotational  21 I  2 formula for linear kinetic energy, what do you think I is?

The I in our formula takes the place of m (mass) in the linear formula. We call it
Moment of Inertia (or rotational inertia). It plays the same role in rotational motion
that mass plays in linear motion (I quantifies how difficult it is to produce an angular
acceleration, just like mass relates to linear acceleration).
The value for I will depend on the shape of your object, but the basic rule of thumb
is that the farther the mass is from the axis of rotation, the larger the inertia.
Page 306 in your book has a table of formulas for different shapes.
These are all based on the formula for the moment of inertia of a point particle.
You will not have to derive them, just know how to use them.

Iparticle  mR 2 Prepared by Vince Zaccone

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Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

EBottom  ETop θ
K Lin  K Rot  UGrav

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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

EBottom  ETop θ
K Lin  K Rot  UGrav we can replace ω with v/r so everything
is in terms of the desired unknown
1
2
mv 2  21 I2  mgh

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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

EBottom  ETop θ
KLin  KRot  UGrav we can replace ω with v/r so everything
is in terms of the desired unknown
1
2
mv 2  21 I2  mgh
1
2
mv 2  2  mgh
 21 I vr

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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

EBottom  ETop θ
KLin  KRot  UGrav we can replace ω with v/r so everything
is in terms of the desired unknown
1
2
mv 2  21 I2  mgh
1
2
mv 2  2  mgh
 21 I vr

At this point we can substitute the formula for each shape (from table 9.2 on page 279)

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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

EBottom  ETop θ
KLin  KRot  UGrav we can replace ω with v/r so everything
is in terms of the desired unknown
1
2
mv 2  21 I2  mgh
1
2
mv 2  2  mgh
 21 I vr

At this point we can substitute the formula for each shape (from table 9.2 on page 279)
Solid Sphere

2 2 5

1 mv 2  1 2 mr 2 v 2
r
   mgh
7
10
mv 2  mgh

v 10
7
gh
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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

EBottom  ETop θ
KLin  KRot  UGrav we can replace ω with v/r so everything
is in terms of the desired unknown
1
2
mv 2  21 I2  mgh
1
2
mv 2  2  mgh
 21 I vr

At this point we can substitute the formula for each shape (from table 9.2 on page 279)
Solid Sphere Hollow Sphere

2 2 5

1 mv 2  1 2 mr 2 v 2
r
   mgh 1 mv 2
2
 21  mr  
2
3
2 v 2
r
 mgh
7
10
mv 2  mgh 5
6
mv 2  mgh

v 10
7
gh v 6
5
gh
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 Example
A solid uniform sphere and a uniform spherical shell, both having the same mass and radius, roll without
slipping down a hill that rises at an angle θ above the horizontal. Both spheres start from rest at the
same vertical height h.
a) How fast is each sphere moving when it reaches the bottom of the hill?
b) Which sphere will reach the bottom first, the hollow one or the solid one?

We can use conservation of energy for this one. Since they

don’t mention it we can ignore rolling friction and just assume
that the total energy at the top equals the energy at the bottom. h

EBottom  ETop θ
KLin  KRot  UGrav we can replace ω with v/r so everything
is in terms of the desired unknown
1
2
mv 2  21 I2  mgh
1
2
mv 2  2  mgh
 21 I vr

At this point we can substitute the formula for each shape (from table 9.2 on page 279)
Solid Sphere Hollow Sphere

2 2 5

1 mv 2  1 2 mr 2 v 2
r
   mgh 1 mv 2
2
 21  mr  
2
3
2 v 2
r
 mgh
The solid sphere is faster because its
moment of inertia is smaller.
7
mv 2  mgh 5
mv 2  mgh
10 6 It reaches the bottom first.
v 10
7
gh v 6
5
gh
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