Francis Ian L.

Salaver, RMT, MD
Dentistry Class

Nucleus contain DNA – Blueprint for all cell
structures and functions

Control center of the cell

Site of DNA replication

Site of RNA synthesis
 Components of Nucleus

(1)Nuclear envelope

(2)Chromatin – DNA and associated proteins

(3)Nucleolus
What makes us unique???
Differences in Physical traits
 Physical traits = affected by proteins

 Skin color = Melanin

 Height = Growth Hormone

 NOTE: Proteins need to be synthesized everyday

 Proteins are composed of specific sequence of amino acids.
Change one amino acid; the protein becomes altered.
 There must be a “draft” in forming proteins
Central dogma of life
 Components of Nucleus

(1)Nuclear envelope

(2)Chromatin – DNA and associated proteins

(3)Nucleolus

Paired membranes with perinuclear space

Ribosomes are attached in the outer membrane

Associated with the inner membrane are proteins called
nuclear lamina

Binds the nuclear
membrane proteins
and associate with
chromatin

Transport of
substances in and
out of the cell

Composed of
nucleoporins
 Note
 The DNA of a human being can reached the moon.
 The DNA is wound around positively charged
proteins called histones
Chromatin – coiled DNA strands to basic proteins called
histone

Chromosome – Chromatin that has undergone further

condensation
2 types of chromatin
1. Heterochromatin
• dense clumps under light microscope
2. Euchromatin
• Less coiled portion of the chromosomes,
finely granular material electron microscope
and lightly stained basophilic areas
In females (XX), one X
chromosome remains
tightly coiled and
visible while the other
one is uncoiled.

In males, the X
chromosome is
uncoiled.
Spherical, highly basophilic structure present in the nuclei of
cells active in protein synthesis
Composed of concentrated rRNA complexed with proteins
Produces rRNA necessary for formation for ribosomes
 2 Mechanisms
• Mitosis
–Cell division in somatic cells
–Muscle, White blood cells

• Meiosis
–Cell division in developing germ cell in
the ovary and the testis
 Number of Chromosomes in Cells

•In somatic cells of humans, the number is 46,

which is referred to as the diploid number.
• 2 chromosome number 1

•The germ cells have 23, the haploid number.

 Normal Chromosome Number

• Male:
– 44 (autosomes), XY (sex chromosomes)

• Female:
– 44 (autosomes), XX (sex chromosome)
Chromosome Nomenclature
• Chromosome consists of 2 parallel strands
called chromatids
– joined together at the centromere, a constricted
segment called as primary constriction or
kinetochore.
Chromosome Nomenclature
Cell Cycle
 Interphase
Before a cell can enter cell division, it needs to take
in nutrients.

All of the preparations are done during interphase.

Interphase is a series of changes that takes place in

a newly formed cell and its nucleus, before it
becomes capable of division again.
 Interphase
Interphase proceeds in three stages, G1, S, and
G 2…

 G1 - The biosynthetic activities of the cell; Metabolic

roles
 S - starts when DNA replication commences
 G2 – Accumulation of energy for Mitosis
Chromosome Nomenclature
 Mitosis
• Mitotic division results in 2 daughter cells
possessing identical copies of the genome of
the parent cell

• Occurs in somatic cells (ALL cells except

gametes)
• The sequence of events in mitosis
is divided into 4 stages
–Prophase
–Metaphase
–Anaphase
–Telophase
 Prophase
• Chromosomes continue to condense
becoming shorter and thicker

• Replicated centrioles/entrosomes migrate

to the opposite poles of the cell

• Mitotic spindles are formed

• Followed by the breakdown of the nuclear

membrane which marks the end of
prophase
 Metaphase
• Alignment of chromosomes in the same plane
in the middle of the cell to form the
equatorial plate (metaphase plate)
 Anaphase
• There is separation of the single kinetochore of
each pair of chromatids into 2

• The sister chromatids are free to move to

opposite poles of the spindle
 Telophase
• Chromosomes are clustered at the spindle poles
and segments of nuclear envelope are formed
around them

• Chromosomes uncoil; nucleoli are reformed

• Constriction of the cytoplasm midway, cleavage

furrow deepens until it encounters the spindle,
the microtubule of the spindle depolymerizes

• Retract until separation into 2 daughter cells

 Cells Based on their Proliferative
Activity
• Static cell population/Permanent
– Cells that no longer divide (nerve and skeletal
muscle cells) or rarely divide (smooth and cardiac
muscle cells) = stays in Go
• Stable cell population/Quiescent
– Little mitotic activity but are able to divide during
repair (fibroblasts, osteoblasts, liver cells)
• Continuously dividing cells/Labile
– Regular mitotic activity (blood cells, epithelial cells
of skin and mucous membranes)