MVT for Work over Group

at RTI (SDC), Sivasagar

31th August 2017

1
Highlights
 Oilmine gases
 Components of oil mine gases
 Properties of oil mine gases
 Hazards of mine gases
 Detection and monitoring
 Safety precautions
2
 Introduction

Under normal conditions, many gases may

be present in a mine. Certain disasters or
specific operations may release dangerous
gases to the atmosphere resulting oxygen-
deficient atmosphere and / or a buildup of
toxic or explosive gases.
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What is Solid, Liquid & Gas :

 A solid has a definite shape and

volume.

 A liquid has a definite volume, but

changes shape according to the shape
of its container.

 However, a gas is a substance with

neither a definite shape nor volume. It
expands or contracts to fill the area in
which it's contained.

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5
Effect of Pressure

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Effect of Temperature

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Specific Gravity or Relative Weight

 Specific gravity is the weight of a gas

compared to an equal volume of normal air
under the same temperature and pressure.
(This is also referenced to as "relative
weight")

 The specific gravity of normal air is 1.0.

The weight of air acts as a reference point
from which we measure the relative weight of
other gases. For example, a gas that is
heavier than air has a specific gravity higher
than 1.0. A gas that is lighter than air will
have a specific gravity less than 1.0.
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9
Explosive Range and Flammability

 A gas that will burn is said to be

"flammable". Any flammable gas can
explode under certain conditions. In order
for a flammable gas to explode, there
must be enough of the gas in the air,
enough oxygen, and a source of
ignition.

 The range of concentrations within which a

gas will explode is known as its explosive
range". Figures representing the higher
and lower limits of the explosive range are
expressed in percentages.

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 OIL FIELD PRODUCTS

• Crude Oil : Dark coloured liquid comprising of a complex

mixture of Hydrocarbons. Though fairly stable at room
temp but always contains dissolved gas.
• Condensate : Highly volatile liquid, colourless, generally
odourless
• Natural Gas : Gas, colourless, odourless to strong rotten
egg smell.

 NOTE: All the above products are highly

flammable.
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OIL MINE GASES INCLUDE

 A) HYDROCARBON GASES
 METHANE
 ETHANE
 PROPANE
 BUTANE
 PENTANE
 HEXANE

B) NON-HYDROCARBON GASES
 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S)
 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
 CARBON DI OXIDE (CO2)

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 NATURAL GAS
 Natural gas is the gaseous phase of Petroleum.
 It is found in oil fields, natural gas fields & coalbeds.
 If it is produced from oil well, it is called associated gas or
casing head gas.
 If it is not associated with crude oil as in natural gas fields, it is
known as dry natural gas.
 In coal beds it is called coalbed methane (CBM).
 If it contains Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), it is called sour natural
gas.
 If it does not contain H2S, it is called sweet natural gas.
 Natural gas from which heavier hydrocarbons have been
separated is called Lean gas.

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Properties of Natural Gas
 Natural gas is lighter than air, and so tends to
escape into the atmosphere.
 Natural gas is highly flammable.
 Natural gas is, in itself, harmless to the human
body.
 However, natural gas is a simple ASPHYXIANT and
can kill if it displaces air to the point where the
oxygen content will not support life.
 Natural gas can also be hazardous to life and
property through an explosion.
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Properties of Natural Gas

 But when natural gas is confined, such as within a

house, gas concentrations can reach explosive
mixtures and, if ignited, result in blasts that could
destroy buildings.

 Methane has a lower explosive limit of 5% in air, and

an upper explosive limit of 15%.

 Hydrogen Sulphide which may be present in natural

gas is highly toxic.

 Chemically Natural gas is not very reactive.

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 Measurement of Gases

Parts Per Million (PPM) – The most accurate

measurement of a contaminant in the atmosphere
Percent PPM
1.0 10000
0.1 1000
0.01 100
0.001 10
0.0001 1

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Category of Gases

• Noxious – “Asphyxiate” means to suffocate or

choke.

• Toxic – Poison, either long or short term

exposure. Some gases found in mines are toxic
(poisonous). This can refer either to what happens
when you breathe the gas or what happens when
the gas comes into contact with exposed areas of
your body.
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TOXICITY OF GASES

GAS SP.GR TLV(PPM) HL(PPM/HR) LC(PPM)

HCN 0.94 10 150 300
H2S 1.19 10 250 600
SO2 2.21 5 --- 1000
Cl2 2.45 1 4 1000
CO 0.97 50 400 1000
CO2 1.52 5000 5% 10%

Threshold Limit (TLV) is the Concentration at which it is believed that

all personnels may be repeatedly exposed day after day without any
adverse effect.
Hazardous Limit (HL) is the concentration that may cause death.
Lethal Concentration (LC) will cause death on short-term exposure.

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 Lower & Upper Explosive Limit

 The explosive limit of a gas or a vapour, is the limiting

concentration (in air) that is needed for the gas to ignite and
explode.

 There are two explosive limits for any gas or vapor, the lower
explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit
(UEL).

 LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) of a gas is defined as the smallest

amount (percentage) of gas that will support a self propagating
flame when mixed with air (or Oxygen) and ignited.

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 At concentrations in air below the LEL there is
not enough fuel to continue an explosion.
 At concentrations above the UEL the fuel has
displaced so much air that there is not enough
oxygen to begin a reaction.
 Concentrations of explosive gases are often
given in terms of percent of lower explosive
limit (%LEL).

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 LEL OF HYDROCARBONS
Methane 5.0
Ethane 3.0
Propane 2.1
iso/n Butane 1.8
iso/n Pentane 1.4
n-Hexane 1.2
n-Heptane 1.2
n-Octane 1.0

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Mine Gases & their Components
AIR
• Chemical Formula: None
• Specific Gravity: 1.000
• Source: Atmosphere
• Characteristics: No colour, odour or taste
• Pure dry air at sea level contains the following:
– Oxygen...................... 20.94 %
– Nitrogen..............…... 78.09 %
– Argon........................ 0.94%
– Carbon Dioxide......... 0.03%

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23
Mine Gases & their Components

Oxygen
Specific Gravity: 1.105
– Chemical Formula: O2
– Oxygen will not burn or explode
– Source: Atmosphere
– Characteristics: No colour, odour or taste
– Note: When another gas is introduced into the
atmosphere of an artificial environment, such as a
mine, tunnel or man holes, oxygen can be
displaced causing asphyxiation.

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Mine Gases & their Components
Oxygen Present % Effect
• 21% - Breathing Easiest
• 19.5% - Minimum required by law
• 17% - Breathing faster & deeper
• 16.25% - Flame safety lamp will extinguish
• 15% - Dizziness, buzzing noise, rapid pulse, headache, blurred
vision
• 9% - Unconsciousness
• 6% - Breathing stops, cardiac arrest

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Noxious Gas (Explosive)
Methane
– Chemical Formula: CH4
– Specific gravity: 0.555
– Needs 12.5% O2 to ignite
– Explosive Range: 5-15%
– Ignition Temperature: 1100o-1300 oF
– Source: Carbon products decaying in anoxic environment
– Characteristics: No colour, odour or taste
– Detection method: Methane detector, Flame safety lamp,
Chemical analysis

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Noxious Gas (Explosive)

Acetylene
– Chemical Formula: C2H2
– Specific Gravity: 0.9107
– Explosive Range: 2.4-83%
– Ignition Temperature: 581F
– Source: Methane heated in a low oxygen atmosphere
– Odour: Garlic
– Will auto-ignite when over pressurized
– Acetylene is the third-hottest natural chemical flame
after dicyanoacetylene and cyanogen
– It is also highly flammable hence its use in welding
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Noxious Gas (Explosive)

Hydrogen
– Chemical Formula: H2
– Specific Gravity: 0.0695
– Needs 5% oxygen to ignite
– Explosive Range: 4.1-74%
– Ignition temperature: 1030⁰ -1130⁰F
– Source: Water on super hot fires, battery charging
– Health hazards - At high concentrations replace
oxygen in the air and act as an asphyxiate. It is highly
explosive.

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Noxious Gases(Non Explosive)

Nitrogen
– Chemical formula: N2
– Specific Gravity: 0.967
– TLV: 810,000 PPM
– Source: Atmosphere, released from coal seam
– Characteristics: No colour, odour, or taste
– Health hazards: Nitrogen is nontoxic. Above-normal
concentrations, acts as an asphyxiate by lowering the oxygen
content of the air.

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Noxious Gases(Non Explosive)

Carbon Dioxide
– Chemical Formula: CO2
– Specific Gravity: 1.529
– TLV: 5000 PPM
– STEL: 15,000 PPM
– Source: Product of complete combust slow oxidation of carbon
products, breathing
– Characteristics: No colour or odor, acidic taste above 10%
– Health hazards:
2% or higher : Deeper & faster breathing
5% : Difficult breathing
10% : Violant panting & may lead to death

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Toxic gases
Carbon Monoxide
– Chemical Formula: CO
– Specific Gravity: 0.967
– Needs 6% O2 to ignite
– Ignition Temperature: 1100oF
– Explosive Range: 12.5- 74%
– TLV: 50 PPM
– STEL: 400 PPM
– Source: Incomplete combustion, diesels, gasoline engines
– Characteristics: No colour, odour, or taste
– Effect on the body: 300 times more attracted to hemoglobin
than oxygen. Exposure to as little as 0.15 to 0.20 percent CO is
extremely dangerous.

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Toxic Gases (Explosive)
Hydrogen Sulfide
– Chemical Formula: H2S
– Specific Gravity: 1.191
– Ignition Temperature: 700°F
– TLV: 10 PPM
– STEL: 15 PPM
– Source: Sulfur dissolving in water in a poorly ventilated
area, rotting mine timbers
– Characteristics: Colourless, sweet taste, rotten egg smell
– Effect on the body: 0.005 to 0.010 percent causes
inflammation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Slightly
higher concentration may cause paralysis of respiratory
system.
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33
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S)

 COLOURLESS, TOXIC, IRRITANT

 ODOUR OF ROTTON EGG AT LOWER
CONCENTRATION. AT HIGHER CONCENTRATION
SENSE OF SMELL IS LOST.
 HEAVIER THAN AIR (Sp.GR=1.19)
 EXPLOSIVE, LEL=4.3, UEL=46%
 FLAMMABLE, ON BURNING PRODUCES SO2, A
HIGHLY TOXIC GAS.
 HIGHLY CORROSIVE TO ALMOST ALL METALS
Pyrophoric - capable of igniting spontaneously in air.
Toxic Gases (Non-Explosive)

Nitrogen Dioxide
– Chemical Formula: NO2
– Specific Gravity: 1.589
– TLV: 5 PPM
– STEL: 10 PPM
– Source: Explosives after-product, diesel exhaust, welding
– Characteristics: Burnt powder odour, reddish brown in
high
concentrations
– Effect on the body: Forms nitric acid in lungs causing
pulmonary edema (swelling caused by fluid retention)

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Toxic Gases
Sulphur Dioxide
– Chemical Formula: SO2
– Specific Gravity: 2.264
– Source: Burning of sulfide ores, diesel exhaust
– TLV: 5 PPM
– STEL: 10 PPM
– Characteristics: Sulphur dioxide is colorless, but it has
a bitter, acid taste and a strong sulfurous odor.
– Effect on the body: Same as nitrogen dioxide

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Smoke
 Smoke is a result of combustion. It
consists of tiny particles of solid and liquid
matter suspended in the air. The particles
in smoke are usually soot or carbon, and
tar-like substances such as hydrocarbons.

 Although smoke may irritate your lungs

when you inhale it, it is not normally
considered to be an asphyxiate. However,
smoke usually contains carbon monoxide
and other toxic or asphyxiating gases
produced by fires. This is why it is so
dangerous to inhale smoke.
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QUESTIONNAIRE ?

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1. Normal air contains approximately what percent
oxygen?

 a. 15%
 b. 21%
 c. 31%
 d. 79%
1. Normal air contains approximately what percent
oxygen?

 a. 15%
 b. 21%
 c. 31%
 d. 79%
2. Carbon monoxide is:

 a. a gas found in all mining operations

 b. a normal constituent of air
 c. detected during a mine fire or explosion
 d. a product of the breathing process
2. Carbon monoxide is:

 a. a gas found in all mining operations

 b. a normal constituent of air
 c. detected during a mine fire or explosion
 d. a product of the breathing process
3. An elevated concentration of carbon dioxide
in mine air can be harmful because:

 a. it is highly explosive
 b. it increases the breathing rate
 c. it is highly toxic in small concentrations
 d. all the above
3. An elevated concentration of carbon dioxide
in mine air can be harmful because:

 a. it is highly explosive
 b. it increases the breathing rate
 c. it is highly toxic in small concentrations
 d. all the above
4. An elevated concentration of nitrogen in
mine air can be harmful because:

 a. it can lower the oxygen content of the air

 b. it is highly explosive
 c. it is highly toxic
 d. all the above
4. An elevated concentration of nitrogen in
mine air can be harmful because:

 a. it can lower the oxygen content of the air

 b. it is highly explosive
 c. it is highly toxic
 d. all the above
5. Oxides of nitrogen can occur in mine
atmospheres

 a. when certain explosives are used

 b. when diesel-powered equipment is being used
 c. when electric equipment produces are or sparks
 d. all the above
5. Oxides of nitrogen can occur in mine
atmospheres

 a. when certain explosives are used

 b. when diesel-powered equipment is being used
 c. when electric equipment produces are or sparks
 d. all the above
6. Accumulation of hydrogen in the mine
atmosphere are dangerous because hydrogen:

 a. is highly toxic
 b. is highly soluble in water
 c. is highly explosive
 d. gives off a suffocating odor
6. Accumulation of hydrogen in the mine
atmosphere are dangerous because hydrogen:

 a. is highly toxic
 b. is highly soluble in water
 c. is highly explosive
 d. gives off a suffocating odor
7. Characteristics of hydrogen sulfide include:

 a. explosive
 b. highly toxic
 c. can be liberated from pools of stagnant water
 d. all the above
7. Characteristics of hydrogen sulfide include:

 a. explosive
 b. highly toxic
 c. can be liberated from pools of stagnant water
 d. all the above
8. Which of the following is not true of sulfur
dioxide ?

 a. it is explosive
 b. it is highly toxic
 c. it is highly soluble in water
 d. it can occur during a mine fire
8. Which of the following is not true of sulfur
dioxide ?

 a. it is explosive
 b. it is highly toxic
 c. it is highly soluble in water
 d. it can occur during a mine fire
9. The most likely source of ethane, propane, or butane
in a mine is:

 a. use of diesel equipment

 b. battery charging stations
 c. leakage from adjacent gas or oil wells
 d. all the above
9. The most likely source of ethane, propane, or butane
in a mine is:

 a. use of diesel equipment

 b. battery charging stations
 c. leakage from adjacent gas or oil wells
 d. all the above
10. Acetylene would normally be found in a mine
atmosphere where:

 a. diesel equipment is being used

 b. methane has burned or exploded in air with a
lowered oxygen level
 c. leakage has occurred from adjacent oil or gas wells
 d. battery charging stations are located
10. Acetylene would normally be found in a mine
atmosphere where:

 a. diesel equipment is being used

 b. methane has burned or exploded in air with a
lowered oxygen level
 c. leakage has occurred from adjacent oil or gas wells
 d. battery charging stations are located
11. Atmospheric pressure and temperature are
important factors because they:

 a. affect the rate of diffusion of a gas by ventilation

 b. can cause false readings on gas detection
instruments
 c. lower oxygen content in the mine
 d. all the above
11. Atmospheric pressure and temperature are
important factors because they:

 a. affect the rate of diffusion of a gas by ventilation

 b. can cause false readings on gas detection
instruments
 c. lower oxygen content in the mine
 d. all the above
12. Two gases that are highly soluble in water are:

 a. methane and acetylene

 b. hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen
 c. nitrogen and sulfur dioxide
 d. hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide
12. Two gases that are highly soluble in water are:

 a. methane and acetylene

 b. hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen
 c. nitrogen and sulfur dioxide
 d. hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide
13. A gas that is normally found near the back or in
high places in the mine is said to be low:

 a. level of toxicity
 b. level of explosivity
 c. specific gravity
 d. level of solubility
13. A gas that is normally found near the back or in
high places in the mine is said to be low:

 a. level of toxicity
 b. level of explosivity
 c. specific gravity
 d. level of solubility
14. A nontoxic gas can still be dangerous
because:

 a. displace oxygen
 b. burn
 c. explode
 d. all the above
14. A nontoxic gas can still be dangerous
because:

 a. displace oxygen
 b. burn
 c. explode
 d. all the above
15. Gases are neither toxic nor explosive:

 a. are not found in mine atmospheres

 b. are not dangerous
 c. can be dangerous because they can displace
oxygen
 d. cannot be detected with today's detection
instruments
15. Gases are neither toxic nor explosive:

 a. are not found in mine atmospheres

 b. are not dangerous
 c. can be dangerous because they can displace
oxygen
 d. cannot be detected with today's detection
instruments
Health Hazards – Toxic gases
 Some gases found in mines are toxic (poisonous).
This can refer either to what happens when you
breathe the gas, or what happens when the gas comes
into contact with exposed areas of your body.

 The degree to which a toxic gas will affect you

depends on three factors:
 How concentrated the gas is,
 How toxic (poisonous) the gas is, and
 How long you're exposed to the gas.

90
 Safety Measures

 Some toxic gases are harmful to inhale. A self-contained

breathing apparatus (SCBA) will protect you from such
gases, as long as your face-to-face piece seal is tight.

 Some toxic gases harm the skin or can be absorbed by

the skin. In petroleum-based fumes for prolonged or
successive periods, SCBA no longer provides adequate
protection. Team may be forced to leave an area where
such gases are detected.
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Gas Detection
 Gas detection is an important part of any rescue or
recovery operation. For safety, we have to know what
harmful gases are present, how much oxygen is in the
atmosphere, and whether or not gas levels are within the
explosive range.
 Knowing what gases are present and in what
concentrations provides important clues as to what has
happened in the mine. Test results can also give an idea
about existing conditions.
 For example, if we get carbon monoxide (CO) readings
that indicates there's probably a fire. The amount of
carbon monoxide indicates something about the extent
of that fire.

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Detection Devices

• Hand held detectors (or Portable) – Most commonly used

• Air Sample – Lab analysis

• Gas Monitors – Continuous or cyclic monitoring

• Permanent sensor locations

• Flame Safety Lamp – Used for detection of Oxygen

deficiency

93
 Portable Gas Detectors

 The type of gas detection equipment most

often used by mine rescue teams is the
portable gas detector. Portable gas detectors
include such devices as

 carbon monoxide (CO) detectors,

 multi-gas detectors
 methane monitors

The team uses these devices to test the

mine air repeatedly as it advances beyond the
fresh air base.

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Portable Gas Detectors

Flame safety lamp

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Air Sampling

 Another way to test for gases is to

collect air samples in special syringes,
or gas or liquid displacement
containers.
 These samples are then sent to a
laboratory for chemical analysis.
 Chemical analysis is also sometimes
performed at the mine site with
portable equipment.

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97
Colour / Odour / Taste

 Colour, odour, and taste are physical properties that

can help you identify a gas, especially during
barefaced exploration.
 Some gases may taste bitter or acid; others sweet.
Hydrogen sulfide, for example, has a distinctive
"rotten egg" odour. The odour of blasting powder
fumes, together with a reddish-brown colour, indicates
there are oxides of nitrogen present.

103
 General Identifying Features

a. Carbon dioxide - Acid taste in high

concentrations

b. Nitrogen dioxide - Reddish brown in

higher concentrations, odour and taste of
blasting powder fumes

c. Hydrogen sulfide - Rotten egg odour

(however, continued exposure deadens your
sense of smell), slight sweetish odour
104
d. Sulfur dioxide - sulfur odour, acid taste

e. Propane and butane - "gassy" odour in

certain concentrations

f. Acetylene - slight garlic odour

105
Gas Gushers
 A gusher occurred when a drill reached a reservoir—a
high-pressured zone contained in rock—breached it,
creating an escape route up which the pressure would
blast the oil/gas high into the air.

 Before 1920’s - a symbol of success

 Now a days this event is called Blow out.

 Effectively controlled by BOP (Blow out preventer)

106
Gas Gusher

107
Gas Gusher

 Encountering Shallow Gas Formation can lead to a

blowout if uncontrolled.
 Hydrocarbon in the well during drilling: This can
lead to a blowout if uncontrolled.
 Hydrocarbon in the well during Coiled tubing
operation: This can also lead to a blowout if
uncontrolled.
 Entrained gas escaping from well into the mud
system and shaker house.

109
Safety Issues

 Intensive training / mentoring by competent personnel

 Ensuring the availability of detailed geological and

seismic information

 Ensuring the availability of information from offset

wells

 Drill the Well On Paper (DWOP) before arriving at the

drilling location

110
 No smoking, or source of ignition, near operations that could
cause fire hazard
 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Crew familiar with location & use
 Equipment inspected & maintained
 Drilling rigs: at least 4 20-pound B, C extinguishers, depending
on operation
 Well servicing rigs: at least 2 20-pound B, C extinguishers,
depending on operation
 Spark arrestors or equivalent within 100 feet of wellbore

111
 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS DURING
PRODUCTION TESTING
 Production operations involve activities directly linked
with the extraction of hydrocarbons existing in reservoir
(beneath the earth’s surface ) & subsequent supply to
consumers after due processing.

 After production casing cementation, CBL-VDL &

hermetical testing production operation commences at
drill site through production testing activities

 Involve acidisation, nitogen job, compressor job, logging

(perforation, plug setting, SWC etc )
113
 Avoid contact, inhalation or ingestion of any fluid

 Do not smoke or bring naked flame near operational area

 Check all valves/ tubulars for any leakage & rectify same

 Anchor all delivery lines from x-mass tree proerly

 Collect oil if any, in reserve tank & avoid spillage

 Personnels may be in safe distance during prod. testing

114
 In case of any of the above occurrence, emergency first

aid procedures should be immediately followed.

 The safe exposure limits should be known in

advance.

 In case of release of toxic gas, Escape in the cross

wind direction, so as to be away from source of

leakage. 115
 All connection from the production tree to the top
of the snubbing unit should be flanged or clamped
with metal to metal sealing.
 Valve inlet and outlet should have clamped
connection.
 Pressure rated line should be connected to kill inlet
of the well.
 Safety head should be installed and pressure tested
prior to rigging up the well control equipment.
 Fluid level in the well should be monitored at all
times when deploying BHA in an open well.
116
 SAFETY
 No harm or injury or damage or loss to any personnel
or worker engaged in any operational activities at plants
or installations
 Besides human lives it is also important to see safety of
machines, equipments, materials and safety of
environment of operational & surrounding areas.
 It is of paramount importance for every individual to
work very cautiously & consciously to take care of
safety of individuals, colleagues & workers working
under them
 Standard norms & guidelines of safety are to be
adhered for protection of self & others.

117
MSDS (MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET)
 MSDS IS MAINTAINED FOR ALL CHEMICALS AT PRODUCTION
SITES INCORPORATING THE FOLLOWING :
 PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION – TRADE NAME, CHEMICAL NAME
 MANUFACTURER/SUPPLIER’S NAME & TELEPHONE NOS.
 PHYSICAL DATA OF PRODUCT – BOILING POINT, MELTING POINT,
ODOUR, SOLUBILITY, DENSITY,APPEARANCE, pH, ETC.
 REACTIVITY – INCOMPATIBILITY, STABILITY, HAZARDOUS
POLYMERIZATION, HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION, ETC.
 HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS, HAZARD IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS,
etc.
 FIRE & EXPLOSION DATA
 HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION- EXPOSURE & EFFECTS;
EMERGENCY & FIRST AID PROCEDURES
 HANDLING & USE PRECAUTIONS
 SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS, IF ANY

118
119
GASOLENE TANK FIRE- SOUTH
EAST ASIA 2000
IOC JAIPUR - 2009

slide 121 Uran Plant

IOC JAIPUR - 2009

slide 122 Uran Plant

 IOC JAIPUR - 2009

ENVIRONMENT !!!
OIL RIG EXPLOSION
Choosing Fire Extinguishers

Class A: SOLIDS such as paper, wood, plastic etc

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS such as paraffin, petrol, oil

Class B:
etc

FLAMMABLE GASES such as propane, butane,

Class C:
methane etc

METALS such as Aluminium, Magnesium, Titanium

Class D:
etc

Class E: Fires involving ELECTRICAL APPARATUS

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 WISH YOU ALL
SAFE WORKING ENVIRONMENT

THANKS
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