UNIT-05.

Torsion And Buckling

of columns
Lecture Number-1
Mr. M.A.Mohite
Mechanical Engineering
S.I.T., Lonavala
 Torsion of circular shafts

• Torsion is a moment that twists/deforms a member about its

longitudinal axis
• By observation, if angle of rotation is small, length of shaft
and its radius remain unchanged
 • By definition, shear strain is
 = (/2)  lim ’
CA along CA
BA along BA

Let x  dx and   = d
BD =  d = dx 

d
 =
dx

Since d / dx =  / = max /c


 =
(c )
max
• For solid shaft, shear stress varies from zero at shaft’s
longitudinal axis to maximum value at its outer surface.
• Due to proportionality of triangles, or using Hooke’s law
and Eqn 5-2,


 = c  max
( )
 max
 = c ∫
A  2 dA
• The integral in the equation can be represented as the polar
moment of inertia J, of shaft’s x-sectional area computed about its
longitudinal axis

Tc
 max =
J
 max = max. shear stress in shaft, at the outer surface
T = resultant internal torque acting at x-section
J = polar moment of inertia at x-sectional area
c = outer radius of the shaft
 Torque T tends to
rotate the right-hand
end of the bar counter
clockwise

Therefore the shear stresses τ acting on the surface stress element will
have the directions shown in fig 3-6b
G
 max  c
L
G is shear modulus of elasticity
TORSION FORMULA FOR A
MEMBER OF CIRCULAR C/S

 T G
 
c J L
Solid shaft
• J can be determined using area element in the form of a
differential ring or annulus having thickness d and
circumference 2 .
• For this ring, dA = 2 d

J= c4
2
• J is a geometric property of the circular area and is always
positive. Common units used for its measurement are mm4
and m4.
Hollow shaft


J= (co4  ci4)
2
Ex.1) A line shaft rotating at 200 r.p.m. is to transmit 20 kW. The
shaft may be assumed to be made of mild steel with an
allowable shear stress of 42 MPa. Determine the diameter
of the shaft, neglecting the bending moment on the shaft.

Soln.) Given : N = 200 r.p.m. ; P = 20 kW = 20 × 103 W;

τ = 42 MPa = 42 N/mm2
Let d = Diameter of the shaft.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,

P  60 20 10  60 3
T   955 Nm
2N 2  200
We also know that torque transmitted by the shaft ( T ),

 
955 10  3
  d  3
 42  d 3

16 16
d  48.7  50mm
Ex. 2) Find the diameter of a solid steel shaft to transmit
20 kW at 200 r.p.m. The ultimate shear stress for the
steel may be taken as 360 MPa and a factor of safety
as 8.
If a hollow shaft is to be used in place of the solid
shaft, find the inside and outside diameter when the
ratio of inside to outside diameters is 0.5.

Soln. Given : P = 20 kW = 20 × 103 W ; N = 200 r.p.m. ;

τu = 360 MPa = 360 N/mm2 ; F.S. = 8 ; k = di / do = 0.5
We know that the allowable shear stress,
 360 N
   45
u

F .S 8 mm2

Diameter of the solid shaft:-

Let d = Diameter of the solid shaft.
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft,

P  60 20 10  60 3
T   955 Nm
2N 2  200
We know that torque transmitted by the shaft ( T ),
 
955 10  3
  d  3
 45  d 3

16 16
d  47.6  50mm

Diameter of hollow shaft:-

Let di = Inside diameter, and
do = Outside diameter.
We know torque transmitted by the hollow shaft ( T )


955 10  3
  do (1  k )
3 4

16

  45(do) 3 (1  k 4 )
16
do = 48.6 mm say 50mm.
di = 0.5do = 0.5 x 50 = 25 mm