Estructura de Internet Redes "Core" Redes de Acceso: Sonet DWDM

Tema 1:
Tecnologías de red.
Estructura de Internet
Redes “core”
 SONET
 DWDM
Redes de acceso
 Redes cableadas: Ethernet et al.
 Redes inalámbricas: IEEE 802.11, UMTS et al.
Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008

Transmisión de Datos Multimedia - Master IC 2007/2008
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
 End systems
 Host computer
router
 Network applications workstation
 Access networks server
mobile
 Local area networks
local ISP
 communication links
 Network core:
 routers
 network of networks regional ISP
company
network
2
Internet structure: network of networks
 roughly hierarchical
 at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., MCI, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and
Wireless), national/international coverage
 treat each other as equals
Tier-1 providers
also interconnect
Tier-1 at public network
providers
Tier 1 ISP
NAP access points
interconnect (NAPs)
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
3
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
Sprint US backbone network

DS3 (45 Mbps)
OC3 (155 Mbps)
OC12 (622 Mbps)
OC48 (2.4 Gbps)
Seattle
Tacoma
New York
Stockton Cheyenne Chicago Pennsauken
Relay
San Jose Roachdale Wash. DC
Kansas City
Anaheim
Atlanta
Fort Worth
Orlando
4
 “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

 Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other,
NAP interconnect
rest of Internet
at NAP
 tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
5
 “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs

 last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier NAP
ISPs
connecting
them to rest
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
of Internet
local
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
6
 a packet passes through many networks!
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
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Network Access Points (NAPs)
Note: Peers in this context are

commercial backbones..droh
Source: Boardwatch.com
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MCI/WorldCom/UUNET Global Backbone
Source: www.lightreading.com
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The situation in Europe
See: http://www.geant2.net/server/show/nav.1368
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Standards
 Mandatory vs. voluntary

 Allowed to use vs. likely to sell
 Example: health & safety standards UL listing for electrical
appliances, fire codes
 Telecommunications and networking always focus of standardization
 1865: International Telegraph Union (ITU)
 1956: International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee
(CCITT)
 Five major organizations:
 ITU for lower layers, multimedia collaboration
 IEEE for LAN standards (802.x)
 IETF for network, transport & some applications
 W3C for web-related technology (XML, SOAP)
 ISO for media content (MPEG)
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Who makes the rules? - ITU
 ITU = ITU-T (telecom standardization) + ITU-R (radio) +

development
 http://www.itu.int
 14 study groups
 produce Recommendations:
 E: overall network operation, telephone service (E.164)
 G: transmission system and media, digital systems and networks (G.711)
 H: audiovisual and multimedia systems (H.323)
 I: integrated services digital network (I.210); includes ATM
 V: data communications over the telephone network (V.24)
 X: Data networks and open system communications
 Y: Global information infrastructure and internet protocol aspects
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ITU
 Initially, national delegations

 Members: state, sector, associate
 Membership fees (> 10,500 SFr)
 Now, mostly industry groups doing work
 Initially, mostly (international) telephone services
 Now, transition from circuit-switched to packet-switched universe &
lower network layers (optical)
 Documents cost SFr, but can get three freebies for each email
address
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IETF
 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

 see RFC 3233 (“Defining the IETF”)
 Formed 1986, but earlier predecessor organizations (1979-)
 RFCs date back to 1969
 Initially, largely research organizations and universities, now mostly
R&D labs of equipment vendors and ISPs
 International, but 2/3 United States
 meetings every four months
 about 300 companies participating in meetings
 but Cisco, Ericsson, Lucent, Nokia, etc. send large delegations
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IETF
 Supposed to be engineering, i.e., translation of well-understood

technology  standards
 make choices, ensure interoperability
 reality: often not so well defined
 Most development work gets done in working groups (WGs)
 specific task, then dissolved (but may last 10 years…)
 typically, small clusters of authors, with large peanut gallery
 open mailing list discussion for specific problems
 interim meetings (1-2 days) and IETF meetings (few hours)
 published as Internet Drafts (I-Ds)
 anybody can publish draft-somebody-my-new-protocol
 also official working group documents (draft-ietf-wg-*)
 versioned (e.g., draft-ietf-avt-rtp-10.txt)
 automatically disappear (expire) after 6 months
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IETF process
 WG develops  WG last call  IETF last call  approval (or not)

by IESG  publication as RFC
 IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) consists of area
directors – they vote on proposals
 areas = applications, general, Internet, operations and management,
routing, security, sub-IP, transport
 Also, Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
 provides architectural guidance
 approves new working groups
 process appeals
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IETF activities
 general (3): ipr, nomcom, problem

 applications (25): crisp, geopriv, impp, ldapbis, lemonade, opes,
provreg, simple, tn3270e, usefor, vpim, webdav, xmpp
 internet (18) = IPv4, IPv6, DNS, DHCP: dhc, dnsext, ipoib, itrace,
mip4, nemo, pana, zeroconf
 oam (22) = SNMP, RADIUS, DIAMETER: aaa, v6ops, netconf, …
 routing (13): forces, ospf, ssm, udlr, …
 security (18): idwg, ipsec, openpgp, sasl, smime, syslog, tls,
xmldsig, …
 subip (5) = “layer 2.5”: ccamp, ipo, mpls, tewg
 transport (26): avt (RTP), dccp, enum, ieprep, iptel, megaco,
mmusic (RTSP), nsis, rohc, sip, sipping (SIP), spirits, tsvwg
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RFCs
 Originally, “Request for Comment”

 now, mostly standards documents that are well settled
 published RFCs never change
 always ASCII (plain text), sometimes PostScript
 anybody can submit RFC, but may be delayed by review (“end run
avoidance”)
 see April 1 RFCs (RFC 1149, 3251, 3252)
 accessible at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/ and http://www.rfc-editor.org/
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IETF process issues
 Can take several years to publish a standard

 see draft-ietf-problem-issue-statement
 Relies on authors and editors to keep moving
 often, busy people with “day jobs”  spurts three times a year
 Lots of opportunities for small groups to delay things
 Original idea of RFC standards-track progression:
 Proposed Standard (PS) = kind of works
 Draft Standard (DS) = solid, interoperability tested (2 interoperable
implementations for each feature), but not necessarily widely used
 Standard (S) = well tested, widely deployed
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IETF process issues
 Reality: very few protocols progress beyond PS

 and some widely-used protocols are only I-Ds
 In addition: Informational, Best Current Practice (BCP),
Experimental, Historic
 Early IETF: simple protocols, stand-alone
 TCP, HTTP, DNS, BGP, …
 Now: systems of protocols, with security, management,
configuration and scaling
 lots of dependencies  wait for others to do their job
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Other Internet standards organizations
 ISOC (Internet Society)

 legal umbrella for IETF, development work
 IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
 assigns protocol constants
 NANOG (North American Network Operators Group)
(http://www.nanog.org)
 operational issues
 holds nice workshop with measurement and “real world” papers
 RIPE, ARIN, APNIC
 regional IP address registries  dole out chunks of address space to
ISPs
 routing table management
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ICANN
 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

 manages IP address space (at top level)
 DNS top-level domains (TLD)
 ccTLD: country codes (.us, .uk, …)
 gTLDs (.com, .edu, .gov, .int, .mil, .net, and .org)
 uTLD (unsponsored): .biz, .info, .name, and .pro
 sTLD (sponsored): .aero, .coop, and .museum
 actual domains handled by registrars
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Tema 1:
Redes “core”
 SONET
 DWDM
Redes de acceso

IP and Traditional Transport
 In the 80’s, software based routers were interconnected via

relatively slow links
 56K (early 80’s),
 to fractional T1, to full T1,
 to T3
 This was layered over core TDM infrastructure
 Which was intended for voice and circuits
 Generally, data folks ignored TDM folks, and vice versa
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Time Division Multiplexing
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
Sync Time Time Time Time TimeS TimeS SyncB Time Time
MUX Bit Slot1 Slot2 Slot3 Slot4 lot5 lot6 it Slot1 Slot2
Source 4
Multiplexed Bit Stream

Source 5
Source 6
Sum of sources = Total MUX’d bit stream
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SONET & SDH
 SONET - Synchronous Optical NETwork

 ANSI/Bellcore standard
 SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
 ITU (European) standard
 Both standards are practically identical
 Standards for a synchronous digital transmission system of TDM
traffic over fiber networks.
 Standards based system for data rates above a T3.
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SONET/SDH Hierarchy
 STS - Synchronous Transport Signals

 51.84Mbps - base level of SONET hierarchy
 STM - Synchronous Transport Module
 155.52Mbps - base level of SDH hierarchy
 Exactly equal to STS-3
Bit Rate
STS OC STM (Mbps)
STS-1 OC-1 51.84
STS-3 OC-3 STM-1 155.52
STS-12 OC-12 STM-4 622.08
STS-48 OC-48 STM-16 2488.32
STS-192 OC-192 STM-64 9953.28
STS-768 OC-768 STM-256 39813.12
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STS/OC/STM
 STS-n and OC-n are identical -

 OC-n names are used for optical interconnects
 STS-n names are used for electrical interconnects
 OC-n is exactly n times the rate of an OC-1 signal.
 STM-1 signal is exactly 3 times the rate of an STS-1 signal
 STM-n is exactly n times the rate of an STM-1 signal
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ADM, Terminal, Repeater
 SONET/SDH terminal - a mux/demux that creates a SONET signal

and terminates paths.
 SONET/SDH ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexer) - a mux/demux that can
separate individual STS-n signals from a higher level signal.
 SONET/SDH repeater- a physical level regenerator that also
terminates section level overhead to allow section level
management.
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SONET/SDH - Path/Section/Line
 In Sonet/SDH systems a strong designation of levels of overhead

are kept.
 Section is lowest level
 Repeater to repeater
 Line is middle layer
 Path is top/longest layer
 from entrance to SONET system to exit of SONET system
Path
Line Line Line
Section Section Section Section Section
T3 T3
OC-n OC-n OC-n OC-n OC-n
T3
Repeater Repeater T3
Terminal Add/Drop Add/Drop Terminal

3 Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer
0
SONET/SDH - Section & Line Overhead
 The section overhead is the first 3 rows of the first 3 columns (9

bytes) per frame.
 The line overhead is the lower 6 rows of the first 3 columns (18
bytes) per frame.
 An STS-1 frame consists of 810 bytes (octets) sent in 125µs.
 810 * 8 * 8000 = 51.84Mbps
 The 810 bytes are arranged as 90 columns x 9 rows
 3 columns are overhead
 87 columns are actual data
A1 A2 C1 87 columns
Section B1 E1 F1
Overhead
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3 STS-1 Payload
B2 K1 K2
Line D4 D5 D6
Overhead D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
3 Z1 Z2 Z3
1
STS concatenated signals
 Multiple STS-1s can be grouped together into a single higher bit

rate facility.
 Extra overhead bytes are ignored.
 Technically, any number of STS-1s can be grouped, but the only
groupings normally supported are:
 STS-3C, STS-12C, STS-48C
 Generally a grouping must fall on a boundary of the same size
inside of the OC-n carrier
 A STS-3C must fall on a boundary of 3
 STS-12C must fall on a boundary of 12
 Typically used for situations where ATM or Packets are sent over a
SONET network.
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Traditional View of Routers and Links

Reality has always been more complex
Terminal Terminal
Multiplexer Multiplexer
SONET/SDH SONET/SDH SONET/SDH

ADM DCS ADM
SONET/SDH SONET/SDH SONET/SDH

ADM DCS ADM
Terminal SONET/SDH Terminal

Multiplexer DCS Multiplexer
SONET/SDH SONET/SDH
ADM ADM
Terminal
Multiplexer Terminal
Multiplexer
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Optical Fiber Evolution
 Fiber is better than copper wire

 Purity – low attenuation and distortion
 Multimode
 Longer distances,fiber
lower bit error rates
 Low
 Higher cost –signals
frequency LEDs, not lasers
– massive bandwidth
 Single-mode fiber
 Different
 Many wavelengths
wavelengths – massive bandwidth
(modes)
 One to wavelength – small core fiber
Non-zero
 Immunity
 noisedispersion shifted
 Dispersion – limits bandwidth and distance
 Less
 Security interference
– difficult to tap anddistances
loss
 Optimized for
 Light pulses spread outlonger
 Small  Greater
size and weightdistance (up to 100 km)
 Optimized

Easier
Intramodal
installation
for higher bandwidth
– different delay per mode
 More expensive components – lasers

 Typically
 Bundles
 of fibers 2
Minimized in km
samemaximum
dispersion distance
space as point
copper shifted to 1550 nm
wire
 Minimized dispersion point at 1310 nm
 Large diameter
 Suitable cores – for
for Erbium-based multiple
optical modes
amplifiers
 Not suitable for EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber-optic
Initially flat profile
 Silica-based fibers have lowest attenuation at 1550 nm,
Amplifier)
 not 1310end improves performance
Stepped
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Wave Division Multiplexing
SONET/SDH ADM
Single Fiber
SONET/SDH ADM SONET/SDH ADM

From One Wavelength Per
Fiber to Many
ADM ADM
WDM Node WDM Node
ADM ADM
OT
OT
ADM ADM
Single Fiber
ADM ADM
OT = Optical Transponder
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WDM System Elements
SONET/S SONET/
DH ADM SDH
ADM
SONET/
SDH SONET/
ADM SDH
ADM
SONET/ SONET/
= SDH
SDH Regenerato
ADM ADM
rs
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TDM and WDM Relationship
Laser
Output l1
l1 … ln
OT ln
TDM generates output from WDM changes TDM bit stream into
sum of inputs into a single wavelengths between 1532 nm and
bit stream 1560 nm
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Dense and Ultra Dense WDM
l1 WDM 8 Lambdas l1
l2 l2
2.5 Gbps per lambda

l8 l8
EDFA = Erbium Doped Fiber-optic Amplifier
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9
l1 l1
l2 l2
DWDM 40 Lambdas
10 Gbps per lambda

l39 l39
l40 l40
4
0
l1 l1
l2 l2
l3 UDWDM 192 Lambdas l3
40 Gbps per lambda

l190 l190
l191 l191
l192
l192
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Tema 1:
Redes “core”
 SONET
 DWDM
Redes de acceso

Los estándares 802.3 de IEEE

suplemento año descripción
802.3a 1985 Original 802.3: 10BASE-5 10BASE-2 10BROAD-36
802.3c 1986 Especificaciones de repetidores
802.3d 1987 FOIRL (enlace de fibra)
802.3i 1990 10Base-T Ethernet sobre par trenzado de cobre
802.3j 1993 10Base-F Ethernet sobre fibra
802.3u 1995 100Mbps Ethernet
802.3x e 802.3y 1997 operación full duplex
802.3z 1998 1000Base-X (Gigabit Ethernet)
802.3ab 1999 1000Base-T (GE sobre par trenzado)
802.3ac 1998 Extensiones de trama (hasta 1522 bytes) para VLANs
802.3ad 2000 link aggregation
802.3ae 2002 10 GE
802.3af 2003 PoE (Power over Ethernet). Hasta 15W
802.3ah 2004 Ethernet in First Mile
802.3an 10 Gbase-T (en draft)
Bridging en 802.1D
802.1w Cambios y mejoras en el spanning tree
802.1s Múltiples spanning trees

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IEEE 802 standard

Estándares de ethernet sobre optico
 ITU-T G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure (GFP)

 ITU-T X.86 Link Access Protocol (LAPS)
 ITU-T H.707 Virtual Concatenation (VCAT)
 ITU-T G.7042 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS)
 Otros:
 IEEE 802.1X Port Based Network Access Control
 IEEE 802.1D Ethernet switching
 IEEE 802.1Q Virtual LAN (VLAN)
 IEEE 802.1P Priorización de tráfico a nivel 2
 IETF: MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching
 IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
 Ver:
 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/
 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/1/
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Trama ethernet
 Los datos trasmitidos se encapsulan en un contenedor, que se llama

trama
 Este formato de trama DEFINE Ethernet
 Históricamente, existen dos tipos de tramas:
 »802.3 Framing usa en campo de longitud de trama (Length) despues del
campo de Source Address
 »Ethernet II (DIX) Framing usa(ba) el campo de tipo de trama (type)
despues del campo Source Address
 Ambos tipos de tramas están definidos y soportados dentro de IEEE
802.3
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Trama ethernet
 El tamaño de trama varía desde 64 a 1518 Bytes, excepto cuando

se usa el identificador (tag) de VLAN
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802.1Q/P
3 1 12
User Priority CFI Bits of VLAN ID (VIDI) to identify possible VLANs
 User Priority- Defines user priority, giving eight (2^3) priority levels. IEEE 802.1P defines the
operation for these 3 user priority bits.
 CFI- Canonical Format Indicator is always set to zero for Ethernet switches. CFI is used for
compatibility reason between Ethernet type network and Token Ring type network. If a frame
received at an Ethernet port has a CFI set to 1, then that frame should not be forwarded as it is
to an untagged port.
 VID- VLAN ID is the identification of the VLAN, which is basically used by the standard 802.1Q.
It has 12 bits and allow the identification of 4096 (2^12) VLANs. Of the 4096 possible VIDs, a
VID of 0 is used to identify priority frames and value 4095 (FFF) is reserved, so the maximum
possible VLAN configurations are 4,094.
 Length/Type- 2 bytes. This field indicates either the number of MAC-client data bytes that are
contained in the data field of the frame, or the frame type ID if the frame is assembled using an
optional format.
 Data- Is a sequence of nbytes (48=< n =<1500) of any value. The total frame minimum is
64bytes.
 Frame check sequence (FCS)- 4 bytes. This sequence contains a 32-bit cyclic redundancy
check (CRC) value, which is created by the sending MAC and is recalculated by the receiving MAC
to check for damaged frames.
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Servicios Metropolitanos
 Algunos servicios son:

 Conectividad Internet
 Transparent LAN service (punto a punto LAN to LAN)
 L2VPN (punto a punto o multipunto a multipunto LAN to LAN)
 Extranet
 LAN a Frame Relay/ATM VPN
 Conectividad a centro de backup
 Storage area networks (SANs)
 Metro transport (backhaul)
 VoIP
 Algunos se están ofreciendo desde hace años. La diferencia está en

que ahora se ofrecen usando conectividad Ethernet !!
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Evolución de Ethernet
Casa Acceso Distribución Metro Metro Core

Residencial
MDU
ATM ADSL ATM ATM
T1/E1 SONET/SDH SONET/SDH Global
FR Internet
ATM
STU
Empresa
MTU
Optical Ethernet Optical Ethernet

IP ADSL
EoMPLS EoMPLS Global
IP VDSL
VPLS VPLS Internet
EPON
EoRPR RPR
EFM
NG-SONET(EoS) NG-SONET(EoS)
Optical Ethernet
Metro DWDM Metro DWDM
EoRPR
NG-SONET(EoS)
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Servicio Ethernet – Modelo de referencia
 Customer Equipment (CE) se conecta a

través de UNI
 CE puede ser un
 router
 Bridge IEEE 802.1Q (switch)
 UNI (User Network Interface) CE
 Standard IEEE 802.3 Ethernet PHY and MAC UNI
 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps or 10Gbps Metro
 Soporte de varias clases de servicio (QoS) Ethernet
Network
 Metro Ethernet Network (MEN) (MEN) CE
 Puede usar distintas tecnologías de transporte UNI
y de provisión de servicio CE
 SONET/SDH, WDM, PON, RPR, MAC-in-MAC,
QiQ (VLAN stack), MPLS
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Servicio Ethernet – Modelo (2)
 Sobre el anterior modelo, se añade un cuarto ingrediente: una

Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)
 EVC: es una asociación entre dos o más UNI
 Es creada por el proveedor del servicio para un cliente
 Una trama enviada en un EVC puede ser enviada a uno o más UNIs del
EVC:
 Nunca será enviada de vuelta al UNI de entrada.
 Nunca será enviada a un UNI que no pertenezca al EVC.
 Las EVC´s pueden ser:
 Punto a punto (E-Line)
 Multipunto a multipunto (E-LAN)
 Cada tipo de servicio ethernet tiene un conjunto de atributos de
servicio y sus correspondientes parámetros que definen las
capacidades del servicio.
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Atributos de un servicio en particular Ethernet
 Multiplexación de servicios
 Asocia una UNI con varias EVC. Puede ser:
 Hay varios clientes en una sóla puerta (ej. En un POP UNI)
 Hay varias conexiones de servicios distintos para un solo cliente
 Transparencia de VLAN
 Significa que proveedor del servico no cambia el identificador de la
VLAN ( el MEN aparece como un gran switch)
 En el servicio de acceso a Internet tiene poco importancia
 “Bundling”
 Más de una VLAN de cliente está asociada al EVC en una UNI
 Etc.
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Atributos
 Atributos de UNI:
 identificador, tipo de medio, velocidad, duplex, etc
 Atributo de soporte de VLAN tag
 Atributo de multiplexación de servicio
 Bundling attribute
 Security filters attribute
 etc
 Atributos de EVC:
 Parámetros de tráfico (CIR, PIR, in, out, etc)
 Parámetros de prestaciones (delay, jitter, etc)
 Parámetros de Clase de Servicio (VLAN-ID, valor de .1p, etc)
 Atributo de Service frame delivery
 Unicast frame delivery
 Multicast frame delivery
 etc
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Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)
Point-to-Point
Ethernet Virtual Circuits Servers
(EVC)
IP Voice UNI
IP PBX
CE Metro
Data Ethernet
Network
CE
1 or more
UNIs Video
IP Voice
UNI
CE
5 Data
5
Servicio Ethernet Line (E-Line)
 Una E-Line puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado ó con un

ancho de banda compartido.
 EPL: Ethernet Private Line

 Es un servicio EVC punto a punto con un ancho de banda dedicado
 El cliente siempre dispone del CIR
 Normalmente en canales SDH (en NGN) ó en redes MPLS
 Es como una línea en TDM, pero con una interfaz ethernet
 EVPL:Ethernet Virtual Private Line
 En este caso hay un CIR y un EIR y una métrica para el soporte de
SLA´s
 Es similar al FR
 Se suele implementar con canales TDM compartidos ó con redes de
conmutación de paquetes usando SW´s y/o routers
5
6
Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)
Multipoint-to-Multipoint
Ethernet Virtual Circuit
(EVC) Servers
IP Voice
UNI
UNI
Data IP PBX
CE Metro
Ethernet CE
Network
IP Voice
UNI CE IP Voice
CE UNI
Data
Data
5
7
Servicio Ethernet LAN (E-LAN)
 Una E-LAN puede operar con ancho de banda dedicado ó con un

ancho de banda compartido.
 EPLan: Ethernet Private LAN
 Suministra una conectividad multipunto entre dos o más UNI´s, con un
ancho de banda dedicado.
 EVPLan: Ethernet Virtual Private LAN
 Otros nombres:
 VPLS: Virtual Private Lan Service
 TLS: Transparent Lan Service
 VPSN: Virtual Private Switched Network
 La separación de clientes vía encapsulación: las etiquetas de VLAN´s
del proveedor no son suficientes (4096)
 Es el servicio más rentable desde el punto de vista del proveedor.
5
8
Metro tecnologías...
 Los servicios Metro Ethernet services no necesitan que toda la red

de nivel 2 sea ethernet; tambien puede ser:
 Ethernet over SONET/SDH (EOS)

 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
 Ethernet Transport
 Ethernet sobre MPLS
5
9
Implementaciones de los EVC (Ethernet Virtual Conn.)
 Virtual Private LAN Services

(VPLS)
 Es un tipo de VPN de nivel 2
 La red del proveedor emula la
función de un conmutador de
LAN ó bridge, para conectar
todos los UNI del cliente, para
formar una única VLAN
 Los requerimientos en el CE
son distintos a los de antes
 Cada PE debe actuar como un
bridge de ethernet
 Se puede implementar
poniendo ethernet en MPLS ó
bien, haciendo stack de VLAN
usando Q-in-Q
 Ver http://vpls.org
6
0
Tema 1:
Redes “core”
 SONET
 DWDM
Redes de acceso

Taxonomy
Wireless
Networking
Single
Multi-hop
Hop
Infrastructure-based Infrastructure-less Infrastructure-based Infrastructure-less

(hub&spoke) (ad-hoc) (Hybrid) (MANET)
802.11 802.16 802.11 Bluetooth
Cellular Car-to-car
Networks Wireless Sensor Wireless Mesh Networks
Networks Networks (VANETs)
6
2
WLANs, El estándar IEEE 802.11

 En el 1997 nace el:
 IEEE Working Group for WLAN Standards:
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11/index.html
 Se define el MAC y tres diferentes niveles físicos, que operan a
1Mbps y 2Mbps:
 Infrarrojos (IR) en banda base
 Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), banda de 2,4 GHz
 Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), banda de 2,4 GHz
 IEEE Std 802.11a (diciembre 1999):
 Otro estándar de nivel físico: Orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing
(OFDM) Network Network
 Hasta 54 Mbps L
IEEE 802.2. LLC
L
 IEEE Std 802.11b (enero 2000): Data
C ISO 8802.2
Link Data Link

 Extensión de DSSS; hasta 11 Mbps
M
Ethernet
A IEEE IEEE
v2.0
C 802.3 802.11
 IEEE Std 802.11g (Junio 2003) ISO ISO
 Etc.
Physical 8802.3 8802.11
6
3 http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html
Arquitectura 802.11
Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS)
Estructura descentralizada
Flexible:
Redes pequeñas y grandes,
Redes transitorias y
permanentes
Control del consumo de
potencia
infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS)

Componentes:
Estación (STA)
Access Point (AP)
Basic Service Set (BSS)

Extended Service Set (ESS)
6
4
El MAC: entrega de datos fiable
 CSMA/CA con binary Servicios sin contienda Servicios

exponential backoff con contienda
 El protocolo mínimo consiste de

Point
dos tramas: DATOS+ACK Coordination
MAC
Function (PCF)
 El standard propone RTS-CTS-
Distributed Coordination
DATOS-ACK Function (DCF)
Los 5 valores de timing:

• Slot time
• SIFS: short interframe space
• PIFS: PCF interframe space (=SIFS+1slot)
• DIFS: DCF interframe space (=SIFS+2slots)
• EIFS: extended interframe space
DIFS DIFS ventana de contienda
PIFS
busy medium SIFS

slot
defer access
6
5
Mecanismo de detección de portadora
 Se basa en el network allocation vector (NAV)
DIFS
fuente RTS data
SIFS SIFS SIFS
destino CTS ACK
DIFS
otro STA NAV (RTS) ventana de contienda
NAV (CTS)
defer access
6
6
QoS: 802.11e and WMM™
 QoS needed for audio, voice, video

 Original Wi-Fi® didn’t have QoS
 IEEE 802.11e is new QoS standard
 Still in process after more than 4 years
 Both “prioritized” and “guaranteed” QoS
 WMM (Wi-Fi Multimedia)
 Prioritized QoS subset of 802.11e draft
 Widely accepted by 802.11e members
 Added to Wi-Fi certification in September 2004
 Already included in some products
6
7
8
6
Source: Wi-Fi Alliance

WMM™ for Video
Bluetooth Specifications
 Bluetooth is a system solution comprising hardware, software and

interoperability requirements. The Bluetooth specifications specify
the complete system.
 De facto standard - open specifications.
 Two part document - Volume 1:Core and Volume 2:Profiles.
 Bluetooth specs developed by Bluetooth SIG.
 February 1998: The Bluetooth SIG is formed
 promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba
 May 1998: The Bluetooth SIG goes “public”
 July 1999: 1.0A spec (>1,500 pages) is published
 December 1999: ver. 1.0B is released
 December 1999: The promoter group increases to 9
 3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola
 February 2000: There are 1,500+ adopters
 0.7 ---> 0.9 ---> 1.0A ---> 1.0B ---> 1.1 -->
 November 2003: release 1.2
 Currently (November 2004), release 2.0
 (aka EDR or Extended Data Rate) triples the data rate up to about 2
Mb/s
6
9
0
7
release 2.0: the new partitioning

Bluetooth usage
 Low-cost, low-power, short range radio  a cable replacement

technology
 Common (File transfer, synchronisation, internet bridge, conference
table)
 Hidden computing (background synchronisation, audio/video player)
 Future (PC login, remote control)
 Why not use Wireless LANs?

 power
 cost
7
1
Bluetooth RF
 1 Mb/s symbol rate

 Normal range 10m (0dBm)
 Optional range 100m (+20dBm)
 Normal transmission power 0dBm (1mW)
 Optional transmission power -30 to +20dBm (100mW)
 Receiver sensitivity -70dBm
 Frequency band 2.4Ghz ISM band
 Gross data rate 1Mbit/s
 Max data transfer 721+56kbps/3 voice channels
 Power consumption 30uA(max), 300uA(standby), ~50uA(hold/park)
 Packet switching protocol based on frequency hop scheme with
1600 hops/s
7
2
Bluetooth Power Class Table
Range in
Power Class Max Output Power Max Output Power Expected Range
Free Space
Class 1 100mW 20dBm 42m 300m
Class 2 2.5mW 4dBm 16m 50m
Class 3 1mW 0dBm 10m 30m
7
3
Bluetooth Network Topology
 Bluetooth devices have the ability to work as a slave or a master in

an ad hoc network. The types of network configurations for
Bluetooth devices can be three.
 Single point-to-point (Piconet): In this topology the network consists of
one master and one slave device.
 Multipoint (Piconet): Such a topology combines one master device and
up to seven slave devices in an ad hoc network.
o Scatternet: A Scatternet is a group of Piconets linked via a slave device
in one Piconet which plays master role in other Piconet. The Bluetooth standard
does not describe any
M routing protocol for
M M scatternets and most of
Master/Slave the hardware available
S today has no capability
M S S
of forming scatternets.
S Some even lack the
S S
ability to communicate
S S S S between slaves of one
i) Piconet (Point- piconet or to be a
to-Point) ii) Piconet (Multipoint) iii) Scatternet
member of two piconets
at the same time.
7
4
Bluetooth stack: short version
Applications
RFCOMM SDP
L2CAP
HCI
Link Manager
Baseband
RF
7
5
Transport Protocol Group (contd.)

 Radio Frequency (RF)  The Radio, Baseband and Link Manager
 Sending and receiving are on firmware.
modulated bit streams  The higher layers could be in software.
 Baseband  The interface is then through the Host
Controller (firmware and driver).
 Defines the timing, framing  The HCI interfaces defined for Bluetooth
 Flow control on the link. are UART, RS232 and USB.
 Link Manager
 Managing the connection
states.
 Enforcing Fairness among
slaves.
 Power Management
 Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol
 Handles multiplexing of higher
level protocols
 Segmentation & reassembly of
large packets
 Device discovery & QoS
7 BLUETOOTH SPECIFICATION, Core Version 1.1 page 543

Source: Farinaz Edalat, Ganesh Gopal, Saswat Misra, Deepti Rao
6
Physical Link Definition
 Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO) Link

 circuit switching
 symmetric, synchronous services
 slot reservation at fixed intervals
 Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL) Link
 packet switching
 (a)symmetric,
 asynchronous services
 polling access scheme
7
7
ACL data rates
P
ack
ett
y p
e N
ame S
ym m
etr
ic A
symmet
ric
(
kbps
) (k
bps
)
1s
lot+F
EC D
M1 1
08.8 1
08.8 1
08.8
1s
lot D
H1 1
72.8 1
72.8 1
72.8
3s
lot+F
EC D
M3 2
56.0 3
84.0 5
4.4
3s
lot D
H3 3
84.0 5
76.0 8
6.4
5s
lot+F
EC D
M5 2
86.7 4
77.8 3
6.3
5s
lot D
H5 4
32.6 7
21.0 5
7.6
7
8
Multi-slot packets
fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5
Single slot
Three slot
Five slot
7
9
Symmetric single slot
fn fn+1 fn+2 fn+3 fn+4 fn+5 fn+6 fn+7 fn+8 fn+9 fn+10 fn+11 fn+12
Master
Slave
8
0
Mixed Link Example
SCO ACL SCO ACL ACL SCO SCO ACL

MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
SLAVE 3
8
1
Bluetooth Connection States

 There are four Connection states on
Bluetooth Radio:
 Active: Both master and slave participate
actively on the channel by transmitting or
receiving the packets (A,B,E,F,H)
 Sniff: In this mode slave rather than
listening on every slot for master's
message for that slave, sniffs on
specified time slots for its messages. A H
B
Hence the slave can go to sleep in the C
free slots thus saving power (C)
 Hold: In this mode, a device can
temporarily not support ACL packets and
go to low power sleep mode to make the
Master
channel available for things like paging, D
scanning etc (G)
 Park: Slave stays synchronized but not
participating in the Piconet, then the H E
device is given a Parking Member
Address (PMA) and it loses its Active I
Member Address (AMA) (D,I)
G
C
F
Bluetooth Connection States
8
2
Bluetooth Forming a Piconet

 Inquiry: Inquiry is used to find the
identity of the Bluetooth devices in the
close range.
 Inquiry Scan: In this state, devices are
listening for inquiries from other devices.
Master Slave
 Inquiry Response: The slave responds
with a packet that contains the slave's Inquiry
device access code, native clock and 1
Inquiry Scan
some other slave information. 2
 Page: Master sends page messages by Inquiry
transmitting slave's device access code 3
Response
(DAC) in different hop channels. Page

 Page Scan: The slave listens at a single 4
Page Scan
hop frequency (derived from its page 5
hopping sequence) in this scan window.
Slave Response
 Slave Response: Slave responds to 6
master's page message
Master
 Master Response: Master reaches this Response
7
substate after it receives slave's response Connection
to its page message for it. Connection
Forming a Piconet Procedures
8
3
Tema 1:
Redes “core”
 SONET
 DWDM
Redes de acceso

2G: Technology Summary
 TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

 Standardized in 1990 as IS-54
 Provides 3-6 times capacity increase over AMPS (1G)
 Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels)
 Introduced authentication and encryption for security
 GSM: Global System of Mobile communications
 Standardized in 1992, based on TMDA technology
 Improved battery life over TDMA
 GPRS peak data rates of 140 kbps; EDGE data rates of 180kbps
 CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
 Standardized in 1993 as IS-95
 Provides 1.5-2 times capacity increase over TDMA
 Peak data rate of 14.4kpbs (can bundle up to 8 channels)
8
5
2G: Winners & Losers
 TDMA
 Marginally better capacity than GSM, marginally worse battery life
 No evolution path beyond 2G – DEAD END !!
 CDMA
 Lots of hype on capacity, delivered on upwards of 2x capacity
improvement over TDMA/GSM
 Clear evolution to 3G
 GSM
 International Roaming and Compatibility
 Clear evolution to 3G
 Defacto Global Standard
8
6
Evolution to 3G
Drivers: Capacity, Data Speed, Cost
Expected market share
TDMA EDGE
EDGE Evolution
3GPP Core
GSM GPRS Network 90%
WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA
PDC
cdmaOne CDMA2000 10%

1x CDMA2000 CDMA2000
1x EV/DO EV/DO Rev A
2G First Step into 3G 3G phase 1 Evolved 3G
8
7
Mobile Networks Evolution
Download
Speed
1-10 Mbps HSDPA
250-384 kbps UMTS
90-180 kbps EDGE
40 kbps
GPRS
1995 2005 2015
8
8
3G = new network
Packet switched
GSM/GPRS 2G SGSN
Core network
Radio network
3G SGSN GGSN
PCU External IP
network
BSC
GSM
GPRS
HLR
UMTS/
HSDPA
UMTS/HSDPA
2G MSC
Radio network
GMSC
RNC 3G MSC
External
voice
network
Circuit switched
8 Core network
9
3G Network = The Future
 New network
 No voice overload
 Increased capacity by Spectrum efficiency
 Better performances
 Higher throughput  Faster download (Max 384kbps)
 Lower latency  Faster browsing
 Better Services
 Seamless hand-over to GPRS (service continuity)
 New way to design applications
 Video
 Future proof technology : HSDPA
9
0
3G/HSDPA for business innovation
text  picture  video

High speed internet access
High speed LAN access
Video Telephony
Mobile TV
Full track music
Push email Enhanced email
Photo & Picture
Messaging
Customized
Text messaging infotainment
Voice
2G/EDGE 3G / HSDPA
SPEED
9
1
…and Beyond
 Technology Convergence on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access)
 WIMAX
 Standardized by IEEE 802.16, evolution of 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
 Improved bandwidth, encryption and coverage over WiFi
 Theoretical peak data rates of 70Mbps (practical peak ~2Mbps)
 Improved QoS better enables applications such as VoIP or IPTV
 Ideal application is for “last mile” connectivity to the home or business
 Intel plans to embed WiMAX chips as part of ‘Intel Inside’
 L3GTE/HSOPA
 Early standardization work starts in 3GPP R8
 Improved bandwidth, latency over UMTS/HSxPA
 Radio technology based on MIMO-OFDM, peak data rates of up to
70Mbps
 Network simplification
9
2
Market Segments
Voice Mobile Broadband

WiMAX 16e
Cellular 2.5G HSDPA to OFDM
EV-DO to OFDM
Local
802.11a/b/g
Cordless WiFi 802.11n MIMO
Mesh
Fixed
WiMAX 16d
POTS Dialup DSL / Cable
9
3
Network Convergence - IMS

Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) and the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) -- two standard architectures under the 3GPP
umbrella -- both support fixed-mobile convergence (FMC). But their approaches to FMC have little in common. UMA is a
highly constrained approach to a single service -- dual-mode access to GSM networks -- while IMS is an open platform for
all types of services and all types of networks. UMA offers mobile network operators (MNOs) a quick fix, but IMS promises
profitable new services and sustainable growth for all service providers.
Applications Media
Access Resources
Network Audio/
PDG
Multimedia Messaging Web / WAP Streaming Video
WLAN Services Services Services Services
GGSN MRF
GPRS
UMTS
Service Control
Presence / GLMS
TDM & Packet
ASN HSS/ Interworking
CSN AAA Call
WiMAX ASN Session R4
Controller CDMA
PDF MGCF PSTN
ASGW
EASGW
(CS2000)
MG15000
HSOPA ASG
OFDM/MIMO
Peer IP
IP/MPLS Core Network
BRAS
9
4
Market Trends
 Media Convergence – Multiple Play

 Dual Play: High-Speed Internet & Fixed Line
 Triple Play: Dual Play + TV
 Quadruple Play: Triple Play + Wireless
 Challenge: Consolidated Invoice and Price Points
 Fixed Mobile Convergence
 Dual Mode connectivity
 Cellular / Cordless (DECT, ADSL/Bluetooth)
 WLAN / WWAN
 Challenge: Technology standardization
 MVNO – Mobile Virtual Network Operator
 Wireless Service Reseller, wholesales access from wireless operators
 Discount & Lifestyle MVNO’s
 Segment, Product, Utilization Driven
 Challenge: Market Saturation & Service Differentiation
9
5
Market Trends (continued)
 Multimedia – use of several media types to convey information

 Effective information delivery across many disciplines: art, education,
telecommunications, medicine
 IMS enables multimedia services for mobile users
 VoIP
 Challenge: User Interface, Form Factor, lack of “killer app”
 Presence – Always on, always connected
 Combine Mobility & Reachability
 Effectively bring Popularity of IM to mobile phones (AOL, Yahoo!, MSN,
Skype)
 Opportunity for standardization & interworking based on SIP/SIMPLE
 Challenge: Standardization & always on connectivity
9
6

Estructura de Internet Redes "Core" Redes de Acceso: Sonet DWDM

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Tema 1:

Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008

What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view

Internet structure: network of networks

Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

Sprint US backbone network

Internet structure: network of networks

 “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Internet structure: network of networks

 “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs

Internet structure: network of networks

 a packet passes through many networks!

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Network Access Points (NAPs)

Note: Peers in this context are

MCI/WorldCom/UUNET Global Backbone

The situation in Europe

 Mandatory vs. voluntary

Who makes the rules? - ITU

 ITU = ITU-T (telecom standardization) + ITU-R (radio) +

 Initially, national delegations

 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

 Supposed to be engineering, i.e., translation of well-understood

 WG develops  WG last call  IETF last call  approval (or not)

 general (3): ipr, nomcom, problem

 Originally, “Request for Comment”

IETF process issues

 Can take several years to publish a standard

IETF process issues

 Reality: very few protocols progress beyond PS

Other Internet standards organizations

 ISOC (Internet Society)

 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

Transmisión de Datos Multimedia – http://www.grc.upv.es/docencia/tdm – Master IC 2007/2008

IP and Traditional Transport

 In the 80’s, software based routers were interconnected via

Time Division Multiplexing

Multiplexed Bit Stream

SONET & SDH

 SONET - Synchronous Optical NETwork

 STS - Synchronous Transport Signals

 STS-n and OC-n are identical -

ADM, Terminal, Repeater

 SONET/SDH terminal - a mux/demux that creates a SONET signal

 In Sonet/SDH systems a strong designation of levels of overhead

Line Line Line

Section Section Section Section Section

OC-n OC-n OC-n OC-n OC-n

Terminal Add/Drop Add/Drop Terminal

SONET/SDH - Section & Line Overhead

 The section overhead is the first 3 rows of the first 3 columns (9

STS concatenated signals

 Multiple STS-1s can be grouped together into a single higher bit

Traditional View of Routers and Links

Reality has always been more complex

SONET/SDH SONET/SDH SONET/SDH

SONET/SDH SONET/SDH SONET/SDH

Terminal SONET/SDH Terminal

Optical Fiber Evolution

 Fiber is better than copper wire

Wave Division Multiplexing

SONET/SDH ADM SONET/SDH ADM