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English grammar sections is important in clearing English language section with a good
cutoff. All exams have an average score to clear all sections. English Grammar is a
very important section in UPSC and other competitive Examinations. One can score
high marks in less time if he/she has a good understanding of Grammar rules and
has a rich vocabulary.
Best English Notes by Top IAS Coaching Center
TENSE
Tense is a form of verb which refers to a specific point in the continuous process of time and these
specific points are known as past, present and future.
Present tense.
Simple present tense/ Present indefinite tense
Present continuous tense.
Present perfect tense.
Present perfect continuous tense.
Past tense.
Simple past tense/ Past indefinite tense
Past continuous tense.
Past perfect tense.
Past perfect continuous tense.
Future tense.
Simple future tense/ Future indefinite tense
Future continuous tense.
Future perfect tense.
Future perfect continuous tense.
Simple present tense/ Present indefinite tense
FORMULAE of SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Sub + V1 + Obj (If the subject is I , we or plural ) (Affirmative sentences)
Sub + do not + V1 + Obj (negative sentences)
Do + Sub + V1 + Obj ? (interrogative sentences)
Sub + V1+ s/es + Obj (If the subject is he, she , it or singular ) (Affirmative sentences)
Sub + does not + V1 + Obj (negative sentences)
Does + Sub + V1 + Obj ? (interrogative sentences)
Find errors if any:
1. She is dancing everyday.
2. She is going to London once in every three years.
3. He is coming here daily.
4. The earth is revolving around the sun.
5. A bad workman is always quarrelling with his tools.
6. A headline in a newspaper,” GST council has set rates for most commodities”.
7. The sports commentator said, “The ball has gone across the boundary”.
8. Here has come the taxi !
9. There goes she !
10. Our PM leaves for Singapore next week.
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Uses of Simple Past tense/ Past indefinite tense
Following actions are included under this tense -
B. It’s time/It’s high time/It’s about time + V2
If the sentences start with the above mentioned phrase than always use second form of verb in such
sentences.
1. It’s high time you went to bed.
2. It’s about time you studied.
3. It’s time you started the work.
It’s time/It’s high time/It’s about time + to + V1
If ‘it’s time’ is followed by ‘to’ than first form of verb is used in such sentences.
1. It’s time to start the work.
Fill in the blanks with proper options:
1. We ____________ football everyday when we were in college.
a. Used to play
b. Played
c. Would play
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
Fill in the blanks with proper options:
1. We ____________ football everyday when we were in college.
a. Used to play
b. Played
c. Would play
d. All of the above.
Rule: For habitual action in past, simple past tense is used. Also used to + V1 and would + V1 can also
be used to show habitual action in past.
Simple Future Tense
The actions which are not completed yet and which are going to take place in future come under
Simple Future Tense.
We will come tomorrow.
They will study day after tomorrow.
Use of IS / AM / ARE
Is - HE/SHE/IT/NAME/SINGULAR
Am- I
Are - YOU/WE/THEY/ALL/PLURAL
Find errors if any:
1. I am knowing him.
2. I am loving it.
4. I am feeling suffocated.
6. I am owning a car.
9. Seeing is believing.
1. Verbs of Perception
See, taste, smell, hear, touch, notice, recognize,
4. States of mind/feelings
Believe, like, love, hate, pity, despise, dislike, detest, adore want, desire, agree, trust
1. In gerund and present participle, these verbs are used in ‘ing’ form.
b. I am having fun.
Past Continuous Tense
The actions which were in continuation in past come under Past Continuous tense.
She was working on the project when I visited her yesterday.
WAS - HE/SHE/IT/NAME/SINGULAR/I
WERE - YOU/WE/THEY/ALL/PLURAL
Future Continuous Tense
The actions that will be going on in future at some point of time come under Future Continuous Tense.
Mike will be running a marathon this Saturday.
I will be attending a seminar by this time tomorrow.
7. We have been living in this house for five years but we are moving to another house today.
Uses of Present Perfect Tense
Following actions are included under this tense -
B. To express past actions whose time is not given and not definite.
C. To describe past events when we think more of their effect in the present than of the action itself.
1. Gopi has eaten all the biscuits. I have none now.
D. To denote an action beginning at some time in the past and continuing up to the present moment. (often with for
and since time clauses)
1. I have known him for a long time.
3. We have lived in this house for five years but we are moving to another house today.
Find errors if any:
.
Uses of Present Perfect Tense
Following actions are included under this tense -
E. When since is followed by Simple Past Tense, Since is preceded by Present Perfect Tense.
2. Since he joined that company, he has not gone anywhere for outing.
Past Perfect Tense
The actions that exist in past of past come under Past Perfect Tense.
When I visited his house yesterday, he had already left for Delhi.
FORMULAE of PAST PERFECT TENSE
5. When Amar reached his village, he found that the news about him preceded him.
5. When Amar reached his village, he found that the news about him had preceded him.
1. By the time I started the work, they returned from the marriage.
2. By the time I start the work, they will return from the marriage.
.
Uses of Future Perfect Tense
Following actions are included under this tense -
NOTE: If two actions take place in the future, one after the other, the 1st action will be in Future
Perfect Tense and the 2nd action will be in Simple Present Tense.
By the time i started the work, they had returned from the marriage.
By the time i start the work, they will have return from the marriage.
5. They have been working here since the last six months.
.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The actions which are finished in past come under past perfect tense. Generally actions that are taken
place in past of past come under past perfect tense.
I shall have been teaching english for 2 years by the end of this year.
NOTE
Certain verbs which are mentioned initially in the chapter that can’t be used in -ing form are also not
used in perfect continuous tenses
Find errors if any:
The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word
"if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
Example:
The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually
be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.
Example:
1. If you heat ice, it melts.
2. If it rains, the grass gets wet.
3. If you freeze water, it becomes solid.
4. Plants die if they don't get enough water.
5. If my husband has a cold, I usually catch it.
6. If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.
7. If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
8. If Bill calls, tell him to meet me at the cinema.
9. Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.
10. If you want to come, call me before 5:00.
The zero conditional is also often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause.
TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL
The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1
conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in
the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.
EXAMPLES
If it rains, you will get wet.
You will get wet if it rains.
If Sally is late again I will be mad.
I will be mad if Sally is late again.
If you don't hurry, you will miss the bus.
You will miss the bus if you don't hurry.
If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!
In type 1 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of the future tense
to express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.
EXAMPLES
If you drop that glass, it might break.
I may finish that letter if I have time.
If he calls you, you should go.
If you buy my school supplies for me, I will be able to go to the park.
TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL
The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal.
These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical
condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and
the main clause uses the present conditional.
EXAMPLES
If it rained, you would get wet.
You would get wet if it rained.
If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.
You wouldn't be so tired if you went to bed earlier.
If she fell, she would hurt herself.
She would hurt herself if she fell.
If I were taller, I would buy this dress.
If I were 20, I would travel the world.
In type 2 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of "would" to
express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.
EXAMPLES
We might buy a larger house if we had more money
He could go to the concert if you gave him your ticket.
If he called me, I wouldn't hear.
TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL
The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to
reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is
used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences,
the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.
EXAMPLES
If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.
You would have gotten wet if it had rained.
You would have passed your exam if you had worked harder.
If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exam.
I would have believed you if you hadn't lied to me before.
If you hadn't lied to me before, I would have believed you.
In type 3 conditional sentences, you can also use modals in the main clause instead of "would" to
express the degree of certainty, permission, or a recommendation about the outcome.
EXAMPLES
If I had worked harder I might have passed the exam.
You could have been on time if you had caught the bus.
If he called you, you could go.
If you bought my school supplies for me, I might be able to go to the park.
Find errors if any
5. The appeal of the victim to transfer the cases related to riots to some other states do not affect the merit of
the case.
6. I am feeling suffocated.
8. If Aman had worked hard, he will have got the job, he desired.
4. She told the doctor that she went for a walk daily even now.
5. The driver came out of the bus to see what has caused the accident.