Macromolecule Scramble

F. Fats/lipids and steroids 1) Definition

Dragon fly book p.46
2) Alternate names
Eyeball book p. 98-99
 For monomers: list molecules that come together 3) Monomer is______
to make macromolecule
A. diagram
4) Polymer is _______
P. Proteins
Dragon fly book 47-48
A. diagram
Eyeball book 100-102 5) Reaction that produces
macromolecule
N. Nucleic acids 6) Bond that forms
Dragon fly book 47
7) Different types and their role
Eyeball book 229-231
8) Function at…
 Cellular level
C. Carbohydrates  Organism level
Dragon fly book 45
Eyeball book 95-97 9) Important Factoids about
molecule (should have at least 3
other important facts)
 Copy Table Onto Your Paper
(make it big with lots of Space)
Mono Polymer Commo Funct Link Role in Role in Differen 3 or more Other
mer and n Names ion that the cell organis t types important relevant info
and diagram forms m facts
diagra between
m monom
ers

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Nucleic N/A
Acids

Lipids/fats

Steroids General structure

Macromolecules

Intro to Macro molecules

Carbon
The element of LIFE!
Found in all living organisms!
We are always looking for carbon based life forms
Organic molecules: molecules that contain carbon
C6H12O6, CO2, CH4
Some molecules are made of just CARBON and
HYDROGEN…we call these HYDROCARBONS
 These are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)
 Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components
 Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy

Inorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain carbon

H2O, NH3, O2
 LE 4-4

Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon

(valence = 1) (valence = 2) (valence = 3) (valence = 4)
Structure of Carbon
Structure
Valence electrons: 4
How many bonds can carbon make with other atoms?
 4: single, double, or triple…as long as it has 4 lines touching it
This makes carbon a versatile atom…it can make long
chains of carbons, branched carbon structures, even ring
structures with itself
LE 4-5

Ethane Propane
Length

Butane 2-methylpropane
(commonly called isobutane)
Branching

1-Butene 2-Butene
Double bonds

Cyclohexane Benzene
Rings
Some important words to know
Molecule
Group of covalently bonded atoms
Macromolecule
large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
Functional Groups
Group of atoms within a molecule that interact in PREDICTABLE ways
 Polar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)
Hydroxyl group
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Phosphate group
 LE 4-10aa

STRUCTURE

(may be written HO—)

Ethanol, the alcohol present in

alcoholic beverages

NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Alcohols (their specific names Is polar as a result of the

usually end in -ol) electronegative oxygen atom
drawing electrons toward itself.
Attracts water molecules, helping
dissolve organic compounds such
as sugars (see Figure 5.3).
LE 4-10ac

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

Acetic acid, which gives vinegar

its sour taste

NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Carboxylic acids, or organic acids Has acidic properties because it is

a source of hydrogen ions.
The covalent bond between
oxygen and hydrogen is so polar
that hydrogen ions (H+) tend to
dissociate reversibly; for example,

Acetic acid Acetate ion

In cells, found in the ionic form,
which is called a carboxylate group.
LE 4-10ba

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

Glycine

Because it also has a carboxyl

group, glycine is both an amine and
a carboxylic acid; compounds with
both groups are called amino acids.

NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Amine Acts as a base; can pick up a

proton from the surrounding
solution:

(nonionized) (ionized)

Ionized, with a charge of 1+,

under cellular conditions
 LE 4-10bc

STRUCTURE EXAMPLE

Glycerol phosphate

NAME OF COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Organic phosphates Makes the molecule of which it

is a part an anion (negatively
charged ion).

Can transfer energy between

organic molecules.
What are macromolecules made of?
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many
similar building blocks called monomers
• Poly=many
• Mono=one
• Think of a beaded bracelet….
• each bead is a MONOMER
• The entire bracelet is a POLYMER
• Large variety of polymers but there are less than 50
monomers…kinda like the alphabet…lots of words, only 26
letters
• Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are
polymers:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still

macromolecules
Making and Breaking Polymers
Polymerization: making polymers
Dehydration Reaction
 Dehydrate means water loss
 When a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a monomer to
another monomer
Hydrolysis
Hydro- water
Lysis- to break down
Def: to break apart or disassemble a polymer by adding
water (H-OH)
LE 5-2

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydration removes a water

molecule, forming a new bond

Longer polymer
Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

Hydrolysis adds a water

molecule, breaking a bond

Hydrolysis of a polymer
Carbohydrates
Monomer: Monosaccharide
Polymer: Disaccharide or Polysaccharide
Link between monomers is called: Glycosidic
Linkage
Formed by a dehydration reaction
Always have Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygens
CxH2xOx
Common name: sugar
End with suffix “-ose”
Function: Energy/fuel, structure, storage
GLUCOSE!!!!
What all cells need for energy
Carbs continued
Monosaccharides
Glucose
fructose
Disaccharides
sucrose
Polysaccharides
Starch
 In plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cord
Glycogen
 Excess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of glucose monomers
 Stored in muscle and liver cells
 When body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose
Cellulose
 Found in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer;
 building material;
 aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide down
 Passes through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrient
 Some animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down cellulose

Carbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH)

Dissolve in water making sugary solutions
Large carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve
 Think about your towels and clothes, duh!
 Proteins
Monomer: amino acids
20 amino acids
Amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbon
Only thing different is side chain…R-group
Polymer: polypeptide chains (proteins)
Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond
Made by a dehydration reaction
(between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another aa)
STRUCTURE of A.A.
Amino group on one end (-NH2)
Carboxyl group on one end (COOH)
Hydrogen
R-group/side chain (changes)
Function of Proteins:
structural support
Storage
Transport
cellular communications
Movement
defense against foreign substances
Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells
Protein Structure
 Primary structure 1’
 Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
 Secondary structure 2’
 Polypeptide chain folds because of interactions
between amino acids
 HYDROGEN BONDING
 Tertiary Structure 3’
 Gives proteins 3-D shape
 VERY IMPORTANT to function of protein
 Beta pleated sheets and alpha helices fold based on
interactions between R-groups of a.a.
 Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar interactions,
acid/base interactions, disulfide bonds, van der
Waals forces
 Quaternary Structure 4’
 the association of the polypeptide chains
 some proteins contain more than one polypeptide chain
 Each polypeptide chain in the protein is called a subunit
 Two or more subunits come together for a specific
function
 HEMOGLOBIN
 On Red blood cells
 Its shape allows RBCs to carry oxygen all around your body!
Denaturation
Unraveling/unfolding of protein
Why would this be a problem?
When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its specific function
Caused by:
Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other environmental
condition
Disrupts the interactions between side chains and causes loss of
shape
Examples:
Frying an egg
Straightening your hair
 Classification of Proteins According to biological
function.
Type: Example:

Enzymes- Catalyze biological reactions ß-galactosidase

Transport and Storage Hemoglobin

Actin
Movement
And Myosin in muscles
Immunoglobulins
Immune Protection
(antibodies)
Regulatory Function within cells Transeription Factors
Insulin
Hormones
Estrogen
Structural Collagen
 Fats/Lipids
Made of mostly carbon and
hydrogen…some oxygen
Usually not soluble in water
Not a polymer but is made of
molecular units
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids=
FAT
Linkage is called ESTER
linkage
Dehydration reaction
Function
Energy storage
Insulation

 Types of Fats
Saturated
Solid at room temperature
Animal fats
All the carbons in the fatty acid chains
contain the MAXIMUM # of hydrogen
atoms around each atom
SATURATED with hydrogen
Only single bonds in fatty acid chain
Unsaturated/polyunsaturated fats
Liquid at room temperature
Plant oils, fish oils
One or more double bonded carbon atoms in
fatty acid chain, then it is unsaturated
Phospholipids
 Steroids
Chemical messengers
Structure
4 fused carbon rings
Ex. Cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol
Function
structural component of mammalian cell
membranes
resilience and fluidity of human membranes
mobilized for the synthesis of steroid
hormones
protecting the human skin against external
irritants and for holding water content
 Improvement of water balance in human skin
 Enhanced barrier function for stratum
 Inhibition of aging of skin
 Water retention for hair
 Nucleic Acids
Monomer: Nucleotide
Structure of a Nucleotide
 Made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and
nitrogenous base
Polymer: Chain of nucleotides (nucleic acids)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Function
DNA
 genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all
known living organisms
 Instructions to make RNA and proteins
 long-term storage of information
 NITROGENOUS BASES:
 Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine
 Purines: guanine and adenine
 A binds to T and G binds to C in the polymer DNA
RNA
 messenger between DNA and the protein synthesis complexes known as
ribosomes
 essential carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein synthesis
 Three types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
 NITROGENOUS BASES:
 Pyrimidines: cytosine and uracil
 Purines: guanine and adenine
 A binds to U and G binds to C in the polymer RNA