ACKNOWLEDGING

SOURCES
Citing Sources in APA Style
 When writing a research paper you
often need to refer to the work of
other people—to describe their
research or ideas, or to quote them,
for example.
 Whenever you refer to, paraphrase,
or quote the theories or research of
other people, you need to indicate in
your paper the source of your
information.
Advantages
 Helps our reader to check the
accuracy of our description of the
source, and the credibility of the
source itself.
 We demonstrate our knowledge of the
literature in our area.
 We enable our reader to learn more
about particular theories or findings
mentioned in our paper.
APA Citation Basics
 When using APA format, follow the
author-date method of in-text
citation. This means that the author's
last name and the year of publication
for the source should appear in the
text, E.g., (Jones, 1998), and a
complete reference should appear in
the reference list at the end of the
paper.
APA Citation Basics

 If you are referring to an idea from

another work but NOT directly
quoting the material, or making
reference to an entire book, article or
other work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference.
Note:

 APA style requires authors to use the

past tense or present perfect tense
when using signal phrases to describe
earlier research.
For example:
Jones (1998) found or
Jones (1998) has found...
In-Text Citation Capitalization,
Quotes, and Italics/Underlining
 Always capitalize proper nouns, including
author names and initials: D. Jones.
 If you refer to the title of a source within
your paper, capitalize all words that are four
letters long or greater within the title of a
source: Permanence and Change.
 Exceptions apply to short words that are
verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and
adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is
Nothing Left to Lose. (Note that in your
References list, only the first word of a
title will be capitalized: Writing new
media.)
In-Text Citation Capitalization,
Quotes, and Italics/Underlining
 When capitalizing titles, capitalize
both words in a hyphenated
compound word: Natural-Born
Cyborgs.
 Capitalize the first word after a dash
or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The
Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo."
In-Text Citation Capitalization,
Quotes, and Italics/Underlining
 Italicize or underline the titles of longer
works such as books, edited collections,
movies, television series, documentaries, or
albums: The Closing of the American Mind;
The Wizard of Oz; Friends.
 Put quotation marks around the titles of
shorter works such as journal articles,
articles from edited collections, television
series episodes, and song titles:
"Multimedia Narration: Constructing
Possible Worlds"; "The One Where Chandler
Can't Cry."
Footnotes and Endnotes
 Because long explanatory notes can be
distracting to readers, APA style guidelines
recommend the use of endnotes/footnotes.
 In the text, place a superscript numeral immediately
after the text about which you would like to include
more information, e.g.:
 Scientists examined the fossilized remains of the
wooly-wooly yak.1
 Number the notes consecutively in the order
they appear in your paper. At the end of the paper,
create a separate page labeled Notes (with the title
centered at the top of the page).
Evaluative bibliographic
comments

 See Blackmur (1995), especially

1

chapters three and four, for an

insightful analysis of this
extraordinary animal.
 2 On the problems related to yaks,
see Wollens (1989, pp. 120-135); for
a contrasting view, see Pyle (1992).
Explanatory or additional
information considered too
digressive for the main text

 3 In a recent interview, Weller (1998)

reiterated this point even more
strongly: "I am an artist, not a yak!"
(p. 124).
 Short
Quotations
If you are directly quoting from a
work, you will need to include the
author, year of publication, and the
page number for the reference
(preceded by "p.").

 Introduce the quotation with a signal

phrase that includes the author's last
name followed by the date of
publication in parentheses.
For example:
 According to Jones (1998), "Students
often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time"
(p. 199).
 Jones (1998) found "students often
had difficulty using APA style" (p.
199); what implications does this
have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a
signal phrase, place the author's
last name, the year of publication,
and the page number in
parentheses after the quotation.

 She stated, "Students often had

difficulty using APA style," (Jones,
1998, p. 199), but she did not offer
an explanation as to why.
 LONG
QUOTATIONS
Place direct quotations longer than
40 words in a free-standing block
of typewritten lines, and omit
quotation marks.
 Start the quotation on a new line, indented
five spaces from the left margin.
 Type the entire quotation on the new
margin, and indent the first line of any
subsequent paragraph within the quotation
five spaces from the new margin.
 Maintain double-spacing throughout. The
parenthetical citation should come after
closing punctuation mark.
For example:
 Jones's (1998) study found the
following:
Students often had difficulty using
APA style, especially when it was their
first time citing sources. This difficulty
could be attributed to the fact that
many students failed to purchase a
style manual or to ask their teacher
for help. (p. 199)
Summary or Paraphrase

 If you are paraphrasing an idea from

another work, you only have to make
reference to the author and year of
publication in your in-text reference,
but APA guidelines encourage you to
also provide the page number
(although it is not required.)
For example:

 According to Jones (1998), APA style

is a difficult citation format for first-
time learners.
 APA style is a difficult citation format
for first-time learners (Jones, 1998,
p. 199).
In-Text Citations:
Author/Authors

 APA style has a series of important

rules on using author names as part
of the author-date system. There are
additional rules for citing indirect
sources, electronic sources, and
sources without page numbers.
One author
 The basic format for APA in-text citation is
as follows:
(Author's Last Name, Year of Publication)
e.g., One recent study finds a genetic link
to alcoholism (Jones, 1997).
 If the author’s last name appears in the
citation, then only the year is required:
e.g., Jones finds a genetic link to alcoholism
(1997).
Two authors
 When a work has two authors, always cite
both names every time the reference
occurs.
 Use both of their names each time their
work is cited, joined by an ampersand (&) if
in parentheses, or by the word "and" if in
text:
 in parentheses--(Cortez & Jones, 1997)
 in text--Cortez and Jones (1997)
Three to five authors:
 List all the authors in the signal phrase
or in parentheses the first time you cite
the source.
› (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, &
Harlow, 1993)
 In subsequent citations, only use the
first author's last name followed by "et
al." in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
› (Kernis et al., 1993)
Six or More Authors:
 Use the first author's name followed
by et al. in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
› Harris et al. (2001) argued...
› (Harris et al., 2001)
 In et al., et should not be
followed by a period.
Different Authors with the
Same Last Name

 When citing different authors with the

same last name, include their first
and middle initials, so that a reader
can differentiate between them:
(B.A. Jones, 1998); (R.F. Jones,
1998)
More Than One Work by the
Same Author
 If you are citing more than one work by the
same author, include enough information so
that your reader can differentiate between
them.
 For instance, if you have used two studies
by the same authors (from different years),
you simply need to include their dates of
publication:
(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1989); (Jones,
Crick, & Waxson, 1998)
 or, if you are citing both at once:
(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1989, 1998)
More Than One Work by the
Same Author
 If you are citing more than one work
from the same year, use the suffixes
"a," "b," "c" etc., so that your reader
can differentiate between them
(these suffixes will correspond to the
order of entries in your references
page):
(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1999a);
(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1999b)
Multiple Authors Cited Together
 The format for this type of citation is
similar to that for citing more than
one work by the same author, except
that semicolons are used to
differentiate between authors:
(Jones, 1998; Heckels, 1996;
Stolotsky, 1992)
Organization as an Author
 If the author is an organization or a
government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or in
the parenthetical citation the first
time you cite the source.
› According to the American
Psychological Association (2000),...
Organization as an Author
 If the organization has a well-known
abbreviation, include the abbreviation
in brackets the first time the source is
cited and then use only the
abbreviation in later citations.
› First citation: (Mothers Against
Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)
› Second citation: (MADD, 2000)
Unknown Author:

 If the work does not have an author, cite

the source by its title in the signal phrase
or use the first word or two in the
parentheses.
 Titles of books and reports are italicized or
underlined; titles of articles and chapters
are in quotation marks.
› A similar study was done of students
learning to format research papers
("Using APA," 2001).
Unknown Author:
 Use a short form of the title (the shortest form
that will allow you to recognize the work
properly). For instance, if you were working with a
study called "The Effects of Aspirin on Heart Attack
Victims" you might use the following:
 ("The Effects," 1995)
 If you were working with an entire book with no
author called Aspirin and Heart Attacks, you might
use:
 (Aspirin, 1991)
 If the text is attributed to "Anonymous," then use the
following format:
 (Anonymous, 1999)
Specific Parts of a Source
 In general, direct quotes are used
much less often in APA style than
they are in MLA style. However, if the
occasion warrants one, then the
following format is used:
 (Asaki & Klotzky, 1987. p. 333)
Citing Indirect Sources
 If you use a source that was cited in
another source, name the original source in
your signal phrase. List the secondary
source in your reference list and include the
secondary source in the parentheses.
› Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith,
2003, p.102).
 Note:When citing material in parentheses,
set off the citation with a comma, as above.
Unknown Author and Unknown
Date
 If no author or date is given, use the
title in your signal phrase or the first
word or two of the title in the
parentheses and use the abbreviation
"n.d." (for "no date").
› Another study of students and
research decisions discovered that
students succeeded with tutoring
("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
Personal Communication
 For interviews, letters, e-mails, and
other person-to-person
communication, cite the
communicators name, the fact that it
was personal communication, and the
date of the communication.
 Do not include personal
communication in the reference list.
 (H.J. Simpson, personal
communication, September 29, 1999)
They should look as follows:
Example:
› J. Burnitz (personal
communication, September 20,
2000) indicated that .… or
› In a recent interview (J.
Burnitz, personal communication,
September 20, 2000) I learned
that ….
ELECTRONIC
SOURCES
If possible, cite an electronic
document the same as any
other document by using the
author-date style.

› Kenneth (2000) explained...

Citations in Text of Electronic
Material
 To cite a specific part of a source,
indicate the page, chapter, figure,
table, or equation at the appropriate
point in text. Always give page
numbers for quotations. Note that the
words page and chapter are
abbreviated in such text citations:
(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)
(Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)
Citations in Text of Electronic
Material
 For electronic sources that do not provide
page numbers, use the paragraph number,
if available, preceded by the paragraph
symbol or the abbreviation para.
 If neither paragraph nor page numbers are
visible, cite the heading and the number of
the paragraph following it to direct the
reader to the location of the material.
(Myers, 2000, ¶ 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)
 WRITING
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ENTRIES
Book

 References to an entire book

must include the following
elements: author(s) or editor(s),
date of publication, title, place of
publication, and the name of the
publisher.
Single author:

Baddeley, A. D. (1999).
Essentials of human
memory. Hove, England:
Psychology Press.
Two Authors

 Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979).

The elements of style (3rd ed.).
New York: Macmillan.
Book by three to six authors

 Skidmore, R. A., Thackeray, M. G., &

Farley, O. W. (1997). Introduction
to social work (7th ed.). Boston:
Allyn and Bacon.
Book by more than six authors

 Wilson, E. O., Eisner A. B., Briggs, R.

J., Dickerson, W. G., Metzenberg S.
L., O’Brien, S. B., et al. (1978). Life
on our planet (2nd ed.). Boston:
Dinosaur Publishing.
Book Article or Chapter

 James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of

paradise: The Eden myth
according to Kirk and Spock. In
D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of
the fantastic (pp. 219-223).
Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Journal or Magazine Article

 (use for journals that start each issue

with page one)
 Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting
roles and synthetic women in
Star trek: The next generation.
Studies in Popular Culture,
13(2), 53-65.
Journal or Magazine Article
 (use for journals where the page
numbering continues from issue to
issue)
 Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction
aids science teaching. Physics
Teacher, 28, 316-318.
Journal Article, One Author

 Simon, A. (2000). Perceptual

comparisons through the mind’s
eye. Memory & Cognition, 23,
635-647.
Journal Article, Two Authors

 Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995).

Welcome to the energy crisis.
Journal of Social Issues, 32, 230-
343.
Magazine Article, one author

 Garner, H. J. (1997, July). Do babies

have a universal song? Psychology
Today,102, 70-77.
Newspaper Article
 Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15).
Trekking through college:
Classes explore modern society
using the world of Star trek.
Los Angeles Times, p. A3.
Newspaper Article, No Author

 Study finds free care used more.

(1982, April 3). Wall Street Journal,
pp. A1, A25.
Essays or Chapters in Edited
Book
 References to an essay or chapter in
an edited book must include the
following elements: essay or chapter
authors, date of publication, essay or
chapter title, book editor(s), book
title, essay or chapter page numbers,
place of publication, and the name of
the publisher.
One Author:

 Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the

domain of the fuzzy logical model
of perception. In H. L. Pick Jr., P.
van den Broek, D. C. Knill (Eds.),
Cognition: Conceptual and
methodological issues (pp. 51-84).
Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Article or Chapter in an Edited
Book, Two Editors
 Sheets, B. (2006). The cost of
lingering arm injuries. In B. Selig,
& W. Selig (Eds.), A compilation of
long stories (pp. 211-234).
Milwaukee, WI: MB Press.
ERIC Document

 Peterson, K. (2002). Welfare-to-work

programs: Strategies for success
(Report No. EDO-JC-02-04).
Washington D.C.: Office of
Educational Research and
Improvement. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No.
ED467985)
Encyclopedias or Dictionaries
and Entries in an Encyclopedia

 References for encyclopedias must

include the following elements:
author(s) or editor(s), date of
publication, title, place of publication,
and the name of the publisher.
Entry in an Encyclopedia
 Imago. (2000). In World Book
Encyclopedia (Vol. 10, p. 79).
Chicago: World Book
Encyclopedia.
 Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction.
In The encyclopedia Americana
(Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury,
CT: Grolier.
Encyclopedia set or dictionary

 Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new

Grove dictionary of music and
musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20).
London: Macmillan.
Encyclopedia article

 Bergman, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In

The new encyclopedia Britannica
(Vol. 26, pp. 501- 508). Chicago:
Encyclopedia Britannica.
Report from a Private
Organization

 Kimberly-Clark. (2002). Kimberly-

Clark (Annual Report). Dallas, TX:
Author.
Dissertation
 Olsen, G. W. (1985). Campus child
care within the public supported
post-secondary educational
institutions in the state of
Wisconsin (dare care) (Doctoral
dissertation, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, 1985).
Dissertations Abstracts
International, 47/03, 783.
Print Source
 Renteria, R. W. (2001). Teaching as
spiritual practice (Doctoral
dissertation, University of North
Carolina at Greensboro, 2001).
Dissertation Abstracts
International, 62 (03A), 959.
From a website:

Sechrist, S. M. (2006). The form and

function of females’ aggression
(Doctoral dissertation, University of
North Carolina at Greensboro, 2006).
Retrieved from
http://libres.uncg.edu/edocs/etd/116
7/umi-uncg-1167.pdf
Videotape

 Mass, J. B. (Producer), & Gluck, D. H.

(Director). (1979). Deeper into
hypnosis. (Motion picture).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
ELECTRONIC
FORMAT
Internet Article Based on
Print Source

 The citation is done as if it were a

paper article and then followed by a
retrieval statement that identifies the
date retrieved and source.
 Sahelian, R. (1999, January). Achoo!
Better Nutrition, 61, 24. Retrieved
September 17, 2001, from
Academic Index.
Dujac, P. (n.d.). Ananda.
Available from
http://onlineoriginals.com/sh
owitem.asp?itemID=82

Basford, L. & Thorpe, K. (2004).

Caring for the older
adult. Retrieved from
MyiLibrary database.
Soanes, C. & Stevenson, A. (Eds.).
(2005). The Oxford dictionary
of English (2nd ed., Rev.).
Retrieved from Oxford
Reference Online database.

Lyng, S. (Ed.). (2005). Edgework: The

sociology of risk-taking. Retrieved
from netLibrary database.
Lowenthal, D. (2002). The disenchanted
future. In R. D. Sack (Ed.),
Progress: Geographical Essays
(pp.61-77). Retrieved from
netLibrary database.

Mates, B. F., & Strommen, L.

(1995). Why Ernie can't read:
'Sesame Street' and literacy. The
Reading Teacher, 49(4), 300-
306. Retrieved from InfoTrac
Expanded Academic Index.
Tullos, A. (2004, June 8). The
Carolina Piedmont. Southern S
paces. Retrieved from
http://www.southernspaces.org/
contents/2004/tullos/5a.htm

Goodnough, A. (2007, August 29).

Census shows a modest rise in U.S.
income. The New York Times.
Retrieved from
http://www.nytimes.com
Yesterday, today and tomorrow.
(2007, June 24). The Chicago
Sun-Times. Retrieved from
NewsBank America’s
Newspapers database.

A wiser wiki. (2007, May). Utne Reader,

(141), 10-11. Retrieved from
ProQuest Research Library
database.
Article From an Online
Periodical

 Online articles follow the same

guidelines for printed articles. Include
all information the online host makes
available, including an issue number in
parantheses.
 Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of
publication). Title of article. Title of online
periodical, volume number(issue number if
available). Retrieved month day, year, from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
For example:

 Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on

writing the living Web. A List Apart:
For People Who Make Websites,
149. Retrieved May 2, 2006 from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/
writeliving
Online Scholarly Journal Article
 Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of
publication). Title of article. Title of journal,
volume number. Retrieved month day, year,
from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
›Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to
the nature of human rights. Journal of
Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved February 20,
2001, from
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
If the article appears as a printed
version as well, the URL is not
required. Use "Electronic version"
in brackets after the article's title.

 Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power

through appointment [Electronic
version]. Social Science Research,
29, 535-555.
Web Page with Private
Organization as Author

 Midwest League. (2003). Pitching,

individual records. Retrieved October
1, 2003, from
http://www.midwestleague.com/indiv
pitching.html
Chapter or Section in an
Internet Document

 Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach

handbook. In Joe soccer. Retrieved
September 17, 2004, from
http://www.joesoccer.com/menu.html
Web page, Government Author

Wisconsin Department of Natural

Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat
restoration areas. Retrieved
September 18, 2001, from
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/
wildlife/hunt/hra.htm
Website
 Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and
tribble-ations review. Retrieved
October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi:
Bradley's Science Fiction Club
Web site:
http://www.bradley.edu/camp
usorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html
Company Information from
Aggregated Database
 Ripon Pickle Company Inc. (company
profile). (2003). Retrieved September
18, 2002, from Business and
Company Resource Center.
 Ingersoll-Rand Company Limited
(company profile). (2004). In
Hoovers. Retrieved April 29, 2004,
from Lexis-Nexis.
Personal Communications

 Personal communications may be

things such as email messages,
interviews, speeches, and telephone
conversations.
 Because the information is not
retrievable they should not appear in
the reference list.
Some general rules for APA
reference pages:

 Begin the reference list on a new page.

The page begins with the word References
(Reference if there is only one), centered in
the top, middle of the page, using both
upper and lower case.
 If the references take up more than one
page, do not re-type the word References
on sequential pages, simply continue your
list.
 Use one space after all punctuation.
Some general rules for APA
reference pages:
 Use italics for titles of books, newspapers,
magazines, and journals.
 References cited in text must appear in the
reference list; conversely, each entry in the
reference list must be cited in text.
 The first line of the reference is flush left.
Lines thereafter are indented as a group, a
few spaces, to create a hanging indention.
 Double space between citations. Single
space in the citations.
Some general rules for APA
reference pages:
 Arrange entries in alphabetical order
 Give in parentheses the year the work was
published. For magazines and newspapers,
give the year followed by the month and
date, if any. If no date is available, write
(n.d.)
 Give volume numbers for magazines,
journals, and newsletters. Include the
issue number for journals if and only if
each issue begins on page 1.
THANK YOU!