Human Circulatory System

Erika Grolmusová
2.A/2
Circulatory system
= cardiovascular system
- a vast network of organs and vessels that moves
blood around body
- Two types of circulatory system:
- 1. Open Circulatory System: blood is pumped from a
simple heart and flows out of blood vessels and
around tissue cells of the organism, e.g.
Inventebrates, such as insects
- 2. Closed Circulatory System: blood flows around the
body enclosed in blood vessels and does not leaves
the blood vessels, e.g. human
Functions of circulatory system
• Responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, hormones, oxygen and
other gases and formation of the cells
• Without the CS, the body would not be able to fight disease or
maintain a stable internal enviroment – such as proper temperature
and pH
*homeostasis (the balance of bodily functions)
What does it consist of?
• The heart – keeps the circulatory system working at all times
• Blood vessels:
1. Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and where it
needs to go
2. Veins – carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs where they receive
oxygen
3. Capillaries – form a connection between arteries and veins
• Blood – the transport media of nearly everything within the body
– it transports hormones, nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, and
other important things needed to keep the body healthy
 How does it work?
• The heart is divided by a partition into left and right
halves
• Blood is pumped from the right side of the heart to the
lungs where it takes up oxygen
• The oxygenated blood is taken back to the left side of
the heart and is then pumped to the rest of the body
• The oxygen is taken up by the various organs as the
blood passes through them
• The deoxygenated blood then returns to the right side
of the heart, and the cycle is repeated
Heart

• A hollow mascular organ

• A four-chambered double pump, the centre of the
circulatory system
• Situated btw the two lungs (slightly to the left) behind the
breastbone
• It rests on the diaphragm
• Pumps the blood, which carries all the vital materials which
help our bodies function and remove the waste products
• Even at rest, the average heart easily pumps over 5l of blood
throughout the body every minute
• Roughly the size of a large fist
Heart
• Valves:
the tricuspid valve (right atrioventicular)
regulates blood flow btw the right atrium and
right ventircle
the pulmonary valve controls blood flow from
the right venticle into the pulmonary arteries,
which carry blood to your lung to pick up
oxygen
the mitral valve (bicuspid) lets blood pass
from the left atrium to the left ventricle
the aortic valve opens the way for oxygenated
blood to pass from the left ventricle into the
aorta
Heart
• The cavity of the heart is divided into four
parts: two upper chambers – the right and left
atria (atrium) – and two lower chambers – the
right and left ventircles
- Right atrium receives blood from the upper
and lower body through the superior vena
cava and the inferior vena cava and from the
heart muscle itself through the cornary sinus
- Right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs
to be oxygenated
- Left atrium receives blood from the lungs via
the four pulmoary veins
- The left ventricle pumps the blood throughout
the body – via the aorta
• Wall consists of 3 layers – epicardium,
myocardium, endocardium
• Sac which protects the heart = pericardium
The heart as a pump
• Contracts and expands
• Cardiac cycle – the pumping of the heart (72
per min)
• Contractions of the heart-systole-the blood is
pumped out of the heart into the arteries
• Each contraction is followed by expanding-
relaxation, diastole-the wall returns to its
original position and the blood is sucked into it
• Blood flows from the atria into ventricles only
one direction (valves)
• Pulse wave – a wave of pressure which travels along the main arteries
every time the heart beats
• Stethoscope – an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening
to the internal sounds of the body
• In order to contract repeatedly and powerfully, the heart muscles
must have a good supply of oxygen – this they get thorugh a system
of coronary arteries which spread over the heartwall
Arteries, Arterioles
• The blood/tubular vessels that deliver oxygenated blood from the heart to the
tissues of the body
• Red color
• High pressure
• Each artery is a muscular tube lined by smooth tissue and has three layers:
1. The intima – the inner layer lined by a smooth tissue called endothelium
2. The media – a layer of smooth muscle that contracts pushing blood along
3. The adventitia – connective tissue anchoring arteries to nearby tissues – thick
wall containing a tough outer layer of collagen – gives strength to the artery
that supports pressure the blood is under from the heart
• Thick outer walls, thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres
• Two arteries have direct connection with the heart:
1. The aorta and its branches – main artery in the bodyconveys
oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to every part of the body
through the systematic circulation
2. The pulmonary artery – conveys deoxygenated blood from the right
ventricle to the lungs (vein)
- The arteries expand and then constrict with each beat of the heart, a
rhythmic movement that may be felt as the pulse
Veins, Venules
• Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood
towards the heart and then lungs
• the blood in veins is under lower pressure than in
arteries
• Blue color
• Thin walls, thin layers of muscle and elastic fibres
• A large lumen (the inside space of a tubular
structure)
• Valves – to prevent back flow of blood
1. Venae cavea - two large veins – return deoxygenated blood from
the body into the heart
- both empty into the right atrium
- located slightly off-centre, toward the right side of
the body
a) The inferior vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from the
lower part of the body (below the diaphragm) to the right atrium
b) The superior vena cava – vein carrying deoxygenated blood from
the upper body back to the right atrium
2. Pulmonary vein – vein that returns blood to the heart after it has
been oxygenated in the lungs (artery)
Capillaries
• Form the connection btw the arteries and the
veins
• Functions: to exchange materials btw the cells in
tissues and blood travelling at low pressure
• Thin and permeable walls (one cell thick –
diffusion)
• Surrounded by lymph
There are 3 different types of circulation:
1. Systematic circulation
- Oxygenated b. – left ventricle – aorta – arteries and capillary
2. Pulmonary circulation
- Deoxygenated b. – right ventricle . Pulmonary artery – arteries and
capillaries – pulmonary vescicles/alveolil – gas exchange
3. Coronary circulation
Blood pressure
• The pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels-
pressure in large arteries of the systematic circulation
• Systolic pressure – heart contracts
• Diastolic pressure – heart relaxes
• Systolic over diastolic (millimeters of mercury) - mercury-tube or
electrical sphygmomanometer (120/80)
• Hypotension – low(90/60 mmHg)
• Hypertension - high
The circulation during exercise
• Extra CO2 is produced by your muscles and this starts to build up in
your bloodstream
• An automatic reflex – heart stars beat faster
• The arteries serving the muscle widen, whereas those serving less
neeedful organs get narrower
• Result: extra blood is diverted to the structures that need it most
What can get wrong?
• Atheroclerosis – hardening of the arteries – plague (fat) builds up on
the walls of your arteries and blocks blood flow
• Thrombosis – formation of blood clot inside a blood vessels
• Haemophilia
• Coronary artery disease – plague build up in your arteries and they to
narrow and harden, may cause chest
• Heart attacks – occurs when not enough blood reaches your heart
• Heart failure – muscle is weakened or damaged- it can no longer
pump
• Stroke – blood clot blocks an artery in the brain and reduces blood
supply
• Pacemaker
- makes the heart pump regularly by little pulses of electricity
- Sinus node/sinoatrial node/SA node
- In the wall of the right atrium – electrical signal generated by the
sinus node moves from cell to cell down through the heart until it
reaches the atrioventricular node
- A cluster of cells situated in the centre of the heart btw the atria and
ventricles
Thank you for your attention
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system
• https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/heart.html
• https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-
human-body-systems/hs-the-circulatory-and-respiratory-
systems/a/hs-the-circulatory-system-review
• https://www.livescience.com/22486-circulatory-system.html
• Atlas Ľudského tela – Fortuna Libri
• Biology for life - M. B. V. Roberts
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWFyxn0qDEU