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Illustrations of Bohr’s
Atomic structure
The orbits, or shells, lie at
defined distances from the
nucleus and are identified
by a letter K, L, M, N, O, P,
and Q shells
The shells have numbers for
identification: 1 for the K
shell, 2 for the L shell, and
so on. These are the
principal quantum
numbers, represented by
the letter n.
The maximum number of
electrons in a given shell is
2(n2)
PROPERTIES OF SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
Electron
9,1 x 10-28g, electrical
charge of -1
Proton
1,67 x 10-24g,
electrical charge of
+1
1836 times the mass
of an electron
Neutron
1,68 x 10-24g, no
charge at all
1852 times the mass
of an electron
NUCLEUS
Z XA
• Z: the number of protons in its nucleus (atomic
number)
• A: the total number of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom (atomic mass)
THE ATOM
Carbon-12:
• 6 Protons
• 6 Neutrons
• 6 Electrons
Ionizing Non-ionizing
Directly ionizing
Indirectly ionizing
(Charged
(Neutral particles:
particle: proton,
photons, neutron)
electron
NON-IONIZING RADIATION
Cathode Anode
• Consists of a filament and a Consists of a tungsten target
embedded in a copper stem to
focusing cup convert the kinetic energy of the
• Filament is the source of electrons generated from the
filament into x-ray photons.
electron, made from tungsten
The target is made of tungsten
coil 2 mm in diameter and < 1 because of it has a high atomic
cm in length number (74), high melting point,
high thermal conductivity, and low
• The focusing cup vapor pressure at the working
electrostatically focuses the temperatures of an x-ray tube.
electrons emitted by the Copper, a good
thermalconductor, dissipates heat
incandescent filament into a from the tungsten, thus reducing
narrow beam directed at a the risk of the target melting. In
small rectangular area on the addition, insulating oil between
the glass envelope and the
anode called the focal spot housing of the tube head carries
heat away from the copper stem.
A, Focusing cup (arrow) containing a filament in the cathode of the tube from
a dental x-ray machine. B, Focal spot area (arrows) on the target of the tube. The size and shape
of the focal area approximate those of the focusing cup.
POWER SUPPLY
• The primary functions of the power supply of an
x-ray machine are to
• Provide a low-voltage current to heat the x-ray tube
filament by use of a step-down transformer
• Generate a high potential difference between the
anode and cathode by use of a high voltage
transformer.
POWER SUPPLY