SECTION 207D

WIND LOAD ON OTHER

STRUCTURES AND BUILDING
APPURTENANCES - MWFRS
207D.1 SCOPE

207D.1.1 Structure Type

This section applies to the determination of wind loads on

building appurtenances (such as rooftop structures and rooftop
equipment) and other structures of all heights (such as solid
freestanding walls and freestanding solid signs, chimneys, tanks,
open signs, lattice frameworks, and trussed towers) using the
Directional Procedure.
 STEPS TO DETERMINE WIND LOADS ON MWFRS
ROOFTOP EQUIPMENT AND OTHER STRUCTURES
Step 1 : Determine the occupancy category of building or other
structure, see Table 103-1.
Step 2 : Determine the basic wind speed, V, for the applicable risk
category, see Figure 207A.5-1A, B or C.
Step 3 : Determine wind load parameters:
 Wind directionality factor, 𝐾𝑑 , see Section 207A.6 and
Table 207A.6-1
 Exposure Category B, C or D, see Section 207A.7
 Topographic factor, 𝐾𝑧𝑡 , see Section 207A.8 and Figure
207A.8-1
 Gust Effect Factor, G, see Section 207A.9
Step 4 : Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, 𝐾𝑧 or 𝐾ℎ ,
see Table 207D.2-1
Step 5 : Determine velocity pressure 𝑞𝑧 or 𝑞ℎ , see Equation 207D.3-
1
Step 6 : Determine force coefficient, 𝐶𝑓 :
 Solid freestanding signs or solid freestanding walls, Figure
207D.4-1
 Chimneys, tanks, rooftop equipment, Figure 207D.5-1
 Open signs, lattice frameworks, Figure 207D.5-2
 Trussed towers, Figure 207D.4-3
Step 7 : Calculate wind force, F:
 Equation 207D.4-1 for signs and walls
 Equation 207D.6-1 and Equation 207D.6-2 for rooftop
structures and equipment
 Equation 207D.5-1 for other structures
207D.1.2 Conditions
A structure whose design wind loads are determined in
accordance with this section shall comply with all of the following
conditions:

1. The structure is a regular-shaped structure as defined in Section

207A.2

2. The structure does not have response characteristics making it

subject to across-wind loading, vortex shedding, or instability
due to galloping of flutter; or it does not have a site location for
which channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind
obstructions warrant special consideration.
207D.1.3 Limitations
The provisions of this chapter take into consideration the load
magnification effect caused by gusts in resonance with along-
wind vibrations of flexible structures. Structures not meeting the
requirements of Section 207D.1.2, or having unusual shapes or
response characteristics, shall be designed using recognized
literature documenting such wind load effects or shall use the Wind
Tunnel Procedure specified in Section 207F.
207D.1.4 Shielding
There shall be no reductions in velocity pressure due to
apparent shielding afforded by buildings and other structures or
terrain features.
207D.2 General Requirements

207D.2.1 Wind Load Parameters Specified in Section 207A

 Basic Wind Speed V (Section 207A.6)

 Wind Directionality Factor 𝐾𝑑 (Section 207A.6)
 Exposure Category (Section 207A.7)
 Topographic factor 𝐾𝑧𝑡 (Section 207A.8)
 Enclosure Classification (Section 207A.10)
207D.3 Velocity Pressure
207D.3.1 Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
Based on the exposure category determined in Section
207A.7.3, a velocity pressure exposure coefficient 𝐾𝑧 or 𝐾ℎ , as
applicable, shall be determined from Table 207D.3-1.
For a site located in a transition zone between exposure
categories that is near to a change in ground surface roughness,
intermediate values of 𝐾𝑧 or 𝐾ℎ , between those shown in Table
207D.3-1, are permitted, provided that they are determined by a
rational analysis method defined in the recognized literature.
207D.3.2 Velocity Pressure
Velocity pressure, 𝑞𝑧 , evaluated at height z shall be calculated
by the following equation:
𝒒𝒛 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟑𝑲𝒛 𝑲𝒛𝒕 𝑲𝒅 𝑽𝟐 (N/m2 ); V in m/s (207D.3-1)
Where
𝑲𝒅 = wind directionality factor, see Section 207A.6
𝑲𝒛 = velocity pressure exposure coefficient, see Section
207D.3.1
𝑲𝒛𝒕 = topographic factor defined, see Section 207A.8.2
𝑽 = basic wind speed, see Section 207A.5
𝒒𝒉 = velocity pressure calculated using Equation 207D.3-1 at
height h
207D.4 Design Wind Loads - Solid Freestanding Walls
and Solid Signs
207D.4.1 Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding Signs
The design wind force for solid freestanding walls and solid
freestanding signs shall be determined by the following formula:
𝐹 = 𝒒𝒉 𝑮𝑪𝒇 𝑨𝒔 (N) (207D.4-1)
Where
𝒒𝒉 = velocity pressure evaluated at height h as determined in
accordance with Section 207D.3.2
G = gust effect factor from Section 207A.9
𝑪𝒇 = net force coefficient from Figure 207D.4-1
𝑨𝒔 = the gross area of the solid freestanding wall of freestanding
solid sign, m2
NOTES:
• Signs with openings comprising less than 30% of gross area are classified as
solid signs. Force coefficients for solid signs with openings shall be permitted to
be multiplied by the reduction factor ( 1 − ( 1 − 𝜀 )1.5 ) .

• To allow for both oblique and normal wind directions , the following cases
shall be considered:

For s/h < 1:

CASE A – resultant force acts normal to the
face of sign through geometric center
CASE B – at a distance from geometric center
toward windward edge, equal to 0.2 times
average width of sign.
CASE C – resultant force act normal to the face
through the centroid of each region.
( B/s > or = to 2 )
For s/h = 1:
occurs at a distance above geometric center
equal to 0.05 times average height of sign.
• CASE C, where s/h > 0.8, force coefficients shall be multiplied
by reduction factor ( 1.8 – s / h ).
207D.4.2 Solid Attached Signs

The design wind pressure on a solid sign attached to the wall of

a building, where the plane of the sign is parallel to and in contact
with the plane of the wall, and the sign does not extend beyond
the side or top edges of the wall, shall be determined using
procedures for wind pressures on wall in accordance with Section
207E and setting the internal pressure coefficient (𝑮𝑪𝒑𝒊 ) equal to 0.
 This procedure shall also be applicable to solid signs attached
to but not in direct contact with the wall, provided the gap
between the sign and wall is no more then 0.9 m and the edges of
the wall, i.e., side and top edges and bottom edges of elevated
walls.
207D.5 Design Wind Loads – Other Structures
The design wind force for other structures (chimneys, tanks,
rooftop equipment for h>60°, and similar structures, open signs,
lattice frameworks, and trussed towers) shall be determined by the
following equation:
𝐹 = 𝒒𝒛 𝑮𝑪𝒇 𝑨𝒇 (N) (207D.5-1)
Where
𝒒𝒛 = velocity pressure evaluated at height z as defined in
Section 207D.3, of the centroid of area 𝑨𝒇
G = gust effect factor from Section 207A.9
𝑪𝒇 = force coefficients from Figures 207D.5-1 through 207D.5-3
𝑨𝒔 = projected area normal to the wind except where 𝑪𝒇 is
specified for the actual surface area, m2
 FIGURE 207D.5-1
Cf, Force Coefficients
Chimneys, Tanks, Rooftop Equipments, & Similar Structures

FIGURE 207D.5-2
Cf, Force Coefficients
All heights of Open Signs & Lattice Frameworks
 FIGURE 207D.5-3
Cf, Force Coefficients
Trussed Towers of All heights
 207D.5.1 Rooftop Structures and Equipment for
Buildings with h ≤ 18 m
The lateral force 𝑭𝒉 on rooftop structures and equipment
located on buildings with a mean roof height h ≤ 18 m shall be
determined from Equation 207D.5-2
𝑭𝒉 = 𝒒𝒉 (𝑮𝑪𝒓 )𝑨𝒇 (N) (207D.5-2)
Where
(𝑮𝑪𝒓 ) = 1.9 for rooftop structures and equipment with 𝑨𝒇 less
than (0.1Bh). (𝑮𝑪𝒓 ) shall be permitted to be reduced linearly from
1.9 to 1.0 as the value of 𝑨𝒇 is increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh)
𝒒𝒉 = velocity pressure evalateed at mean roof height of the
building
𝑨𝒇 = vertical projected area of the rooftop structure or
equipment on a plane normal to the direction of wind, m2
 The vertical uplift force, 𝑭𝒗 , on rooftop structures and
equipment shall be determined from Equation 207D.5-3.
𝑭𝒗 = 𝒒𝒉 (𝑮𝑪𝒓 )𝑨𝒓 (N) (207D.5-3)
Where
(𝑮𝑪𝒓 ) = 1.9 for rooftop structures and equipment with 𝑨𝒓 less
than (0.1BL). (𝑮𝑪𝒓 ) shall be permitted to be reduced linearly from
1.5 to 1.0 as the value of 𝑨𝒓 is increased from (0.1BL) to (BL)
𝒒𝒉 = velocity pressure evalateed at mean roof height of the
building
𝑨𝒓 = vertical projected area of the rooftop structure or
equipment, m2
207D.6 Parapets

Wind loads on parapets are specified in Section 207B.4.5 for

buildings of all heights designed using the Directional Procedure
and in Section 207C.4.2 for low-rise buildings designed using the
Envelope Procedure.
207D.7 Roof Overhangs

Wind loads on roof overhangs are specified in Section 207B.4.4

for buildings of all heights designed using the Directional Procedure
and in Section 207C.4.3 for low-rise buildings designed using the
Envelope Procedure
207D.8 Minimum Design Wind Loading

The design wind

force for other structures
shall be not less than
0.77 kN/m2 multiplied by
the area 𝑨𝒇 .
Section 207F

Wind Tunnel Procedure

 WIND TUNNEL

- a tunnel-like apparatus for

producing an airstream of known
velocity past models of aircraft,
buildings, or other solid objects in
order to investigate flow or the effect
of wind on the full-size object.
WIND TUNNEL
 WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURE
-procedure for determining wind
loads on buildings and other structures, in
which pressures and/or forces and
moments are determined for each wind
direction considered, from a model of the
building or other structure and its
surroundings.
 It is common practice to resort to wind tunnel
tests when design data are required for the following
wind-induced loads:

1. Curtain wall pressures resulting from irregular

geometry
2. Across-wind and/or torsional loads
3. Periodical loads caused by vortex shedding.
4. Loads resulting from instabilities, such as flutter or
galloping
 207F.1 Scope
The Wind Tunnel Procedure shall be used where
required by Sections 207B.1.3, 207C.1.3, and 207D.1.3.
 The Wind Tunnel Procedure shall be permitted for any
building or structure in lieu of the design procedures
specified in:
• Section 207B (MWFRS for building of all heights and
simple diaphragm buildings with h ≤ 49 m)
• Section 207C (MWFRS of low-rise buildings and simple
diaphragm low-rise buildings)
• Section 207D (MWFRS for all other structures), and
• Section 207E (components and cladding for all
building types and other structures)
User Note:
Section 207F may always be used for
determining wind pressures for the MWFRS
and/or for C&C of any building or structure. This
method is considered to produce the most
accurate wind pressures of any method
specified in this standard.
ASCE7 WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURE SIMPLIFIED
207F.1 Scope

The Wind Tunnel Procedure shall be used where required by

Sections 207B.1.3, 207C.1.3, and 207D.1.3. The Wind Tunnel
Procedure shall be permitted for any building or structure in lieu of
the design procedures specified in Section 207B (MWFRS for
building of all heights and simple diaphragm buildings with h ≤ 49
m), Section 207C (MWFRS of low-rise buildings and simple
diaphragm low-rise buildings), Section 207D (MWFRS for all other
structures), and Section 207E (components and cladding for all
building types and other structures.
207F.2 Test Conditions
Wind tunnel tests, or similar tests employing fluids other than air,
used for the determination of design wind loads for any building or
other structure, shall be conducted in accordance with this
section. Tests for the determination of mean and fluctuating forces
and pressures shall meet all of the following conditions:

1. The natural atmospheric boundary layer has been modeled to

account for the variation of wind speed with height.
2. The relevant macro-(integral) length and micro length scales of
the longitudinal component of atmospheric turbulence are
modeled to approximately the same scale as that used to
model the building or structure.
3. The modeled building or other structure and surrounding
structures and topography are geometrically similar to their full-
scale counterparts, except that, for low-rise buildings meeting the
requirements of Section 207C.1.2, tests shall be permitted for the
modeled building in a single exposure site as defined in Section
207A.7.3.

4. The projected area of the modeled building or other structure

and surroundings is less than 8 percent of the test section cross-
sectional area unless correction is made for blockage.
5. The longitudinal pressure gradient in the wind tunnel test section
is accounted for.

6. Reynolds number effects on pressures and forces are minimized.

7. Response characteristics of the wind tunnel instrumentation are

consistent with the required measurements.
207F.3 Dynamic Response

Tests for the purpose of determining the dynamic response of a

building or other structure shall be in accordance with Section
207F.2. the structural model and associated analysis shall account
for mass distribution, stiffness, and damping.
207F.4 Load Effects
207F.4.1 Mean Recurrence Intervals of Load Effects
The load effect required for Strength Design shall be determined
for the same mean recurrence interval as for the Analytical
Method, by using a rational analysis method, defined in the
recognized literature, for combining the directional wind tunnel
data with the directional meteorological data or probabilistic
models based thereon. The load effect required for Allowable
Strength Design shall be equal to the load effect required for
Strength Design divided by 1.6. For buildings that are sensitive to
possible variations in the values of the dynamic parameters,
sensitivity studies shall be required to provide a rational basis for
design recommendations.
207F.4.2 Limitations on Wind Speeds
The wind speeds and probabilistic estimates based thereon shall
be subject to the limitations described in Section 207A.5.3.

207F.4.3 Limitations on Loads

Loads for the main wind force resisting system determined by
the wind tunnel testing shall be limited such that the overall
principal loads in the x and y directions are not less than 80
percent of those that would be obtained from Part 1 of Section
207B or Part 1 of Section 207C. The overall principal load shall be
based on the overturning moment for flexible buildings and the
base shear for other buildings.
 Pressures for components and cladding determined by wind
tunnel testing shall be limited such that the overall principal
loads in the x and y directions are not less than 80 percent of
those that calculated for Zone 4 for walls and Zone 1 for roofs
using the procedure of Section 207E.

The limiting values of 80 percent may be reduced to 50

percent for the main wind force resisting system and 65 percent
for components and claddings if either of the following
conditions applied:
1. There were no specific influential buildings or objects within the
detailed proximity model.

2. Loads and pressures from supplemental tests for all significant

wind directions in which specific influential buildings or objects
are replaced by the roughness representative of the adjacent
roughness condition, but not rougher than exposure B, are
included in the test results.
207F.5 WIND-BORNE DEBRIS

Glazing in buildings in wind-borne debris regions shall be

protected in accordance with Section 207A.10.3.
THANK YOU!

Aure, Anna Marie

Boonggaling, Jhonel Dave
Dequinia, Jephte
Esteleydes, Mc Allen
Estoye, Karla Rubia O
Macalalad, John Paolo
Medardo, Plandez