Manifest anxiety scale

Contents
Contents:
• introduction
• Development and validation
• Childhood and adolescence
• Cultural differences
• The Adult Manifest anxiety scale
• Applications and limitations of MAS
• Limitation
• Manifest anxiety scale time
• Uses of the test
• Manifest anxiety scale instructions
• Manifest anxiety Scoring scale
The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
Introduction:
TMAS, is a test of anxiety as a personality trait, and was created
by Janet Taylor in 1953 to identify subjects who would be useful in the study
of anxiety disorders.
The TMAS originally consisted of 50 true or false questions a person
answers by reflecting on themselves, in order to determine their anxiety
level. Janet Taylor spent her career in the field of psychology studying
anxiety and gender development. Her scale has often been used to separate
normal participants from those who would be considered to have
pathological anxiety levels.
The TMAS has been shown to have high test-retest reliability. The test is for
adults but in 1956 a children's form was developed.
The test was very popular for many years after its development but is now
used infrequently.
Development and validation:
• The TMAS has been proven reliable using test-retest reliability. O’Connor,
Lorr, and Stafford found there were five general factors in the scale:
• chronic anxiety or worry,
• increased physiological reactivity,
• sleep disturbances associated with inner strain,
• sense of personal inadequacy, and motor tension.
• This study showed that persons administered the test could be display
different anxiety levels across these areas. O’Connor, Lorr, and Stafford’s
realization allows patients and their doctors to better understand which
dimension of anxiety needs to be addressed.
Childhood and adolescence:
The Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, sometimes shortened to the
CMAS, was created in 1956. This scale was closely modeled after the Taylor
Manifest Anxiety Scale.
It was developed so that the TMAS could be applied to a broader range of
people, specifically children. Kitano tested the validity of the CMAS by
comparing students who were placed in special education classes versus those
placed in regular classrooms.
Kitano proposed the idea that children who were in special education classes
were more likely to have higher anxiety than those in regular classrooms. Using
the CMAS, Kitano found boys tested in the special education classes had higher
anxiety scores than their regular classroom counterparts. Hafner tested the
reliability of the CMAS with the knowledge that the TMAS had a feminine bias.
Hafner found that the CMAS did not have a female bias. He only found two
questions that females always scored higher on than their male counterparts. As
the test stands now, the suggestion is to compare the female and male
participants separately. Castaneda found significant differences across different
grade levels, indicating that as students develop they are affected differentially
by various stressors.
Cultural differences:
Since the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale was introduced in 1953,
comprehensive research has been done regarding the validity of the scale. across
different cultures.
In 1967, a study of cross-cultural differences in the scale was done between 9
year-old Japanese, French, and American students. The data concluded that
Japanese and French students tested significantly lower on anxiety scores
compared to the American students. Thus, there are strong cross-cultural
differences related to the scores on the TMAS. Additional studies of the validity
of the TMAS include a study between South African Natives and South African
Europeans in 1979. Both groups included individuals with varying levels of
education. This study found that the TMAS is sensitive to certain cross-cultural
differences, but precautions should be taken when interpreting scores from the
scale in non-Western cultures, regardless of the individual’s education level.
The Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale:
In 2003, the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale was
introduced. It was made for three different age groups. The AMAS
takes into account age-related situations that affect an individual's
anxiety.
The divisions include one scale for adults (AMA-A).
One scale for college students (AMAS-C),
And the other for the elderly population (AMAS-E). Each scale is
geared towards examining situations specific to that age group.
For example:
• AMAS-C has items pertaining specifically to college students,
such as questions about anxiety of the future.
• AMAS-A is geared more toward mid-life issues.
• AMAS-E has specific anxieties the older population deals
with, such as fear of aging and dying. The AMAS-A contains
36 items. It has 14 questions relating to worry/oversensitivity,
nine questions about physiological anxiety, seven questions
about social concerns/stress, and six questions about lies.
Applications and limitations of AMAS:
The AMAS has a broad range of applications, but also a number of
limitations. The AMAS can be used in clinical settings, career counseling
centers on campuses,nursing homes, and to monitor the progress and
effectiveness of psychotherapy and drug treatment.
Effective psychotherapy is indicated by a decrease in AMAS. Almost all
college students will experience some type of stress in their academic career.
Examples:
The stress range from text anxiety to worry of the future after
graduation. The AMAS-C items can provide psychologists with a statistical
reference point to judge the student’s level of anxiety compared to other college
students.
Limitation:
A limitation of the AMAS-C is that it does not lend insight into the
factors that are influencing the students anxiety, such as lack of studying and
social factors.
Manifest anxiety scale time:
A 38 question, true/false test for measuring the anxiety as a
personality trait. ... The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale ( TMAS ) is a test of
anxiety as a personality trait. ... I feel anxiety about something or someone
almost all of the time, True, False.
There is no time limit for the test. Ordinarily an examinee
takes about 20 to 25 minutes time in completing the whole inventory.

Uses of the Test:

The present test is a measure of manifest anxiety and is
useful for group administration. Like other tests of manifest anxiety
this test can also be used in research and survey purposes. With
the help of this test one can screen easily high or low manifest
anxiety score subjects.
Manifest Anxiety Scale Instructions:
The statements below inquire about your behavior and emotions. Consider each
statement carefully. Then indicate whether the statements are generally true or false for
you. Record your response (check true or false) in the spaces provided.
1. I do not tire quickly------------------------------------------------ - True False ___
2. I believe I am no more nervous than others---------------------- True False ___
3. I have very few headaches------------------------------------------ True False ___
4. I work under a great deal of tension------------------------------- True False ___
5. I frequently notice my hand shakes when I try do something-- True False ___
6. I blush no more often than others---------------------------------- True False ___
7. I have diarrhea one a month or more------------------------------ True False ___
8. I worry quite a bit over possible misfortunes-------------------- True False ___
9. I practically never blush-------------------------------------------- True False ___
10. I am often afraid that I am going to blush------------------------ True False ___
11. My hands and feet are usually warm enough-------------------- True False ___
12. I sweat very easily even on cool days----------------------------- True False ___
13. Sometimes when embarrassed, I break out in a sweat---------- True False ___
14. I hardly ever notice my heart pounding, and I am seldom.
short of breath------------------------------------------------- True False ___
15. I feel hungry almost all of the time--------------------------------- True False ___
16. I am very seldom troubled by constipation------------------------ True False ___
17. I have a great deal of stomach trouble------------------------------ True False ___
18. I have had periods in which I lost sleep over worry-------------- True False ___
19. I am easily embarrassed--------------------------------------------------- True False ___
20. I am more sensitive than most other people---------------------------- True False ___
21. I frequently find myself worrying about something------------------ True False ___
22. I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be----------------------- True False ___
23. I am usually calm and not easily upset---------------------------------- True False ___
24. I feel anxiety about something or someone almost all of the time--------------- --
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- True False ___
25. I am happy most of the time----------------------------------------------- True False ___
26. It makes me nervous to have to wait------------------------------------- True False ___
27. Sometimes I become so excited I find it hard to get to sleep--------- True False ___
28. I have sometimes felt that difficulties piling up so high I couldn't get over them-- --
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- True False ___
29. I admit I have felt worried beyond reason over small things--------- True False ___
30. I have very few fears compared to my friends------------------------- True False ___
31. I certainly feel useless at times------------------------------------------- True False ___
32. I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job------------------------- True False ___
33. I am usually self-conscious------------------------------------------------ True False ___
34. I am inclined to take things hard----------------------------------------- True False ___
35. At times I think I am no good at all--------------------------------------- True False ___
36. I am certainly lacking in self-confidence------------------------------- True False ___
37. I sometimes feel that I am about to go to pieces----------------------- True False ___
38. I am entirely self-confident----------------------------------------------- True False ___
Manifest Anxiety Scoring Scale-
The key below is used to score your results. On your test questionnaire, circle
your "true or false" responses that correspond to the responses listed below (for example:
if you marked "False" to question #1, also circle that response; if you marked "True" to
question #1, do not circle anything). Add up the number of responses you circle and this
total is your score on the Manifest Anxiety Scale.
1.False 2. False 3. False 4. True
5. True 6. False 7. True 8. True
9. False 10. True 11. False 12. True
13. True 14. False 15. True 16. False
17. True 18. True 19. True 20. True
21. True 22. True 23. False 24. True
25. False 26. True 27. True 28. True
29. True 30. False 31. True 32. True
33. True 34. True 35. True 36. True
37. True 38. False

My Total Score:______
Interpreting Your Score- The norms on this scale are based on data collected by
Suing on undergraduates who responded to the scale anonymously. Essentially the scale
measures trait anxiety--that is, the tendency to experience anxiety in a wide variety of
situations.
Awards
The Association for Psychological Science established an award in honor
of Janet Taylor Spence for her contributions to psychology. Receiving this award
means that the psychologist made honorable, new, creative, and cutting edge
contributions to research and impact in the early years of their career, as Janet
Taylor did during her career. The award is named the Janet Taylor Spence Award
for Transformative Early Career Contributions.
Thanku