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GREEN
HIGHWAYS
Under the guidance of: Mohd Tahir Ansari
Dr. S Shankar Roll no: 181718
Assistant Professor M.Tech (1st year)
Transportation Division Transportation Division
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
N.I.T Warangal N.I.T Warangal
CONTENT
2
• INTRODUCTION
• CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEN HIGHWAYS
• BENEFITS OBTAINED
• TECHNOLOGIES INVOLVED
• BIORETENTION SWALES
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATION
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIOSWALES
• POROUS PAVEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED
• OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
• A CASE STUDY ON FEASIBILITY OF POROUS PAVEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
3
• Use recycled materials to eliminate waste and reduce the energy required to build the
highway.
• Maximize use of existing transportation infrastructure, providing multi-modal
transportation opportunities, and promoting ride-sharing/public transportation.
• Control populations of invasive species, and promoting the growth of native species.
• Use innovative, natural methods to reduce imperviousness, and cleanse all runoff within the
project area.
• Encourage smart growth by integrating and guiding future growth and capacity building
with ecological constraints.
• Reduce disruptions to ecological processes by promoting wildlife corridors and passages in
areas identified through wildlife conservation plans.
BENEFITS 5
BIORETENTION SWALES
POROUS PAVEMENTS
FOREST BUFFER
STREAM RESTORATION
WILDLIFE CROSSING
STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
BIORETENTION SWALES 7
A bioretention swale (or biofiltration trench) is a bioretention system that is located
within the base of a swale. Bio retention swales are shallow, vegetated, landscaped
depressions with sloped sides. They are designed to capture, treat and infiltrate
storm water runoff as it moves downstream. Swales are less expensive to build but
use more space for infiltration and conveyance than planters, and can handle low
to moderate flows of runoff.
APPLICATIONS 8
• Swales are most applicable in lower density or lower traffic contexts, as they have relatively
large footprints and little or no vertical separation from the sidewalk and street.
• To provide a conveyance function.
• Removal of fine and coarse sediments.
• Efficient removal of hydrocarbons and other soluble or fine particulate contaminants from
biological uptake.
• Provide flow retardation for frequent (low ARI) rainfall events.
BIORETENTION SWALES 9
IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATION
10
• Bioretention swales can form attractive streetscapes and provide landscape features in an
urban development.
• Bioretention systems are well suited to a wide range of soil conditions including areas
affected by soil salinity and saline groundwater.
• Vegetation that grows in the filter media enhances its function by preventing erosion of the
filter medium, continuously breaking up the soil through plant growth to prevent clogging
of the system
Bioretention
swales
11
Stormwater Conveyance
treatment functions
Vegetation
Filter Transition
media layer
Drainage
layer
VEGETATION
• Enhances its function by preventing erosion of the filter medium 14
• Continuously breaking up the soil through plant growth to prevent clogging of the
system or caking at the soil surface
• The type of vegetation varies depending on landscaping requirements.
• Generally, the denser and higher the vegetation the better the filtration process.
• Vegetation is critical to maintaining porosity of the filtration layer. Selection of an
appropriate filtration media is a key issue that involves balancing sufficient hydraulic
conductivity (ie. passing water through the filtration media as quickly as possible)
SAND LAYER
15
• The sand layer serves as a transition between the planting soil bed and the gravel layer and
underdrain pipes.
• It must have a minimum thickness of 6 inches and consist of clean medium aggregate
concrete sand (AASSHTO M-6/ASTM C-33).
• To ensure proper system operation, the sand layer must have a permeability rate at least
twice as fast as the design permeability rate of the planting soil bed.
GRAVEL LAYER AND UNDERDRAIN
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• The gravel layer serves as bedding material and conveyance medium for the underdrain
pipes.
• It must have sufficient thickness to provide a minimum of 3 inches of gravel above and
below the pipes.
• It should consist of 0.5 to 1.5 inch clean broken stone or pea gravel (AASHTO M-43).
• Underdrain piping beneath the soil planting bed and sand layer must be perforated.
• The underdrain piping must connect to a downstream storm sewer manhole, catch basin,
channel, swale.
• The gravel layer and perforated underdrain piping must have a conveyance rate at least
twice as fast as the design permeability rate of the sand layer.
DESIGN PROCEDURES
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1.
Minor and
major flood
estimation
Estimating
Designs
Flow
Maximum
infiltration
rate
18
2.
Maximum
Selection of
length of
Mnning’s “n”
swale
Width of Slope
swale consideration
Swale
design
FURTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 19
Vegetation specification
POROUS PAVEMENTS 20
CROSS SECTION OF POROUS PAVEMENT
21
POROUS PAVEMENTS
22
• Porous pavement is a paved surface with a higher than normal percentage of air voids to allow water to pass
through it and infiltrate into the subsoil.
• This porous surface replaces traditional pavement, allowing parking lot, driveway, and roadway runoff to
infiltrate directly into the soil and receive water quality treatment.
• All permeable paving systems consist of a durable, load-bearing, pervious surface overlying a stone bed that
stores rainwater before it infiltrates into the underlying soil.
• Permeable paving techniques include porous asphalt, pervious concrete, paving stones, and manufactured “grass
pavers” made of concrete or plastic.
• Permeable paving may be used for walkways, patios, plazas, driveways, parking stalls, and overflow parking
areas.
SOME TYPICAL EXAMPLES
23
ADVANTAGES 24
• Reduce stormwater runoff volume from paved surfaces.
• Reduce peak discharge rates.
• Increase recharge through infiltration.
• Reduce pollutant transport through direct infiltration.
• Can last for decades in cold climates if properly designed, installed, and maintained.
• Improved site landscaping benefits (grass pavers only).
• Can be used as a retrofit when parking lots are replaced.
DISADVANTAGES 25
Contaminant • Reduces long term permeability of the pavement (tree leaves, sand , grass)
loading
• Top of subgrade should not be less than 0.6 m from seasonal high ground water level
Groundwater
depth
• Permeability (12 mm/hr), low permeable subgrade in high rainfall areas may require underdrains,
Subgrade pavement thickness over fine grained soil is more than coarse grained soil.
type
• Avoid using permeable pavements in high traffic areas subjected to buses and trucks
Traffic type
• Pavement surface, aggregate base and subbase, subgrade slope, pavement overflow, underdrains,
geotextile, geogrids and geomembranes
Other
features
KEY CONSTRUCTION FEATURES 28
•Pre-construction site meeting, protecting pavement from damage and
Site Conditions contaminants during construction
• perforated drainage pipes may be used to convey stormwater away from the
Drainage features pavement for high flow rain events, drain inlets, curb cut-outs, and additional
subsurface piping may be designed
• consist of a perforated plastic pipe placed vertically through the pavement and
Observation Wells anchored into the subgrade, installed to visually observe or measure the
elevation of standing water in the stone reservoir as well as drain down over time
•Base/ sub base aggregate layer compaction, expansive soils and fill conditions,
Other features contractor certification and experience
29
Non perforated
Curb cut-out Compaction
outlet pipe
OTHER TECHNOLOGIES
30
Wildlife crossing
31
Rainfall
data of
the area
Traffic
volume
on the
road link
Soil quality of
the road
segment
ROAD PAVEMENT 35
RAINFALL DATA
Data collected from
Ahmedabad Municipal
Corporation Office
36
CBR Calculation
• https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-stormwater-guide/stormwater-elements/green-
stormwater-elements/bioretention-swale/
• https://seagrant.oregonstate.edu/sites/seagrant.oregonstate.edu/files/sgpubs/onlinepubs/g1
1002-lid-porous-pavement.pdf
• https://www.northamptonma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/2490/MA-DEP-Pourous-
Pavement-Guidance
• https://njstormwater.org/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_9.1%20print.pdf
• https://www.derwentestuary.org.au/assets/Water_Sensitive_Urban_Design_Guidelines_04
_Chapter_4_Bioretention_swales.pdf
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