CHEMISTRY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

Extraction
Nicotine Sulphate
from Samples of
Name:Dhyana Solanki
Class:XII-B
Cigarettes
2019-2020
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Dhyana Solanki of class XII-B of Kendriya
Vidyalaya No.1 , Shahibaug has completed this project under by
guidance and surveillance. She has expressed deep interest in and has
shown utmost sincerity in the completion of this project.
Her endeavor from conceptualizing to completing this project titles
“Extraction Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of Cigarettes”upto my
satisfaction have been successful.

___________________
(AGGARWAL SIR)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the
names of those persons who helped to make it possible. I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude in few words and respect to all those who helped me in
completion of this project. It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep
senses of gratitude to my chemistry sir, for his valuable support ,constant help
and guidance, at each and every step, without which this project would not have
come forth. I also register my senses of gratitude to our principle for
encouragement that has made this project successful .I would also like to thank my
family and friends who encourage me during course of this project . Last, but not
least ,I would like to thank to CBSE for giving us opportunity to undertake this
project.

DHYANA SOlANKI,XII-B
CONTENTS
TOBACCO………………………………………………………………………………
NICOTINE……………………………………………………………………………
MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO……………………………
ADDICTIVE NATURE OF NICOTINE………………………………………………
HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO COMPOSTION OF ………………………………………………………………
APARATUS REQUIRED………………………………………………………………
CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED ……………………
PROCEDURE …………………………………………………………………………………
OBSERVATIONS …………………………………………………………………………
RESULT …………………………………………………………………………………
CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………
 TOBACCO
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana.
It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some
medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such
as Cuba,India, China, and the United States. Tobacco is a name for any plant of the genus
Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family (nightshade family) and for the product manufactured from
the leaf and used in cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco.

Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are grown
as ornamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native to tropical
America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that it is no longer known
in the wild. N.Rrustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning species, was the tobacco originally raised
in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India, and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the
most characteristic constituent of tobacco and is responsible for its addictive nature.
The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds generated in
the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzpyrene), formaldehyde,
cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs),
phenols, and many others.

Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold frames or
hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the fields. Tobacco is an
annual crop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand. After harvest, tobacco is
stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and degradation of carotenoids. This
allows for the agricultural product to take on properties that are usually attributed to the
"smoothness" of the smoke. Following this, tobacco is packed into its various forms of
consumption, which include smoking, chewing, snuffing, and so on.

Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more inhalable
smoke. Use of low-pH, inhalable, flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal reasons smoking
causes lung cancer and other diseases association with smoke inhalation.
 NICOTINE
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) that acts as a
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. The biosynthesis takes place in the roots and
accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanaceae. It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0%
of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of 2–7 μg/kg of various edible plants.
It functions as an antiherbivore chemical; therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide
in the past and nicotine analogs such as imidacloprid are currently widely used. In low doses
(an average cigarette yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance acts as a
stimulant in mammals, while high amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal. This stimulant effect is
the main factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking.
According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction has historically been one of
the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacological and behavioral characteristics that
determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining addiction to heroin and cocaine.
The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over the
years, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.6% per year between the
years of 1998 and 2005. This was found for all major market categories of cigarettes.
 MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO
The tobacco plant needs to go through a number of processes before it is suitable
for human consumption. Tobacco is manufactured in many different ways
depending on the type of tobacco plant that is used and the area of the plant the
leaves are taken from.
 Curing tobacco:-Curing is the first necessary process to prepare the tobacco for
consumption. The way the tobacco is cured and processed will dictate the
flavor, strength and harshness of the tobacco. Different ways of curing and processing the
tobacco will also influence the nicotine content in the leaf. The content of nicotine and the
flavor will also depend upon the type and part of leaf that is used. The higher on the
tobacco plant the leaf is taken, the greater the nicotine content, and in general the richer
the flavor.
Curing tobacco involves hanging up the tobacco plant or lying it down and drying it. During
this process the starch in the leaves are converted to sugar and the plant will change
colour and texture. Different tobacco plants are cured in different ways to achieve
different textures and flavors of the tobacco.

i. Air-cured tobacco
ii. Flue-cured tobacco
iii. Fire-cured tobacco
iv. Sun-cured tobacco
 Processing tobacco:-Once the tobacco leaf has been cured it is
processed. Processing tobacco involves separating the leafy part from
the stem. At this point the sand, dust and foreign matter are extracted.
There is only a small amount of moisture left in the leaves when they
have finished being processed.
Expanded tobacco can also be used in cigarettes. This is when carbon
dioxide has been added to the cut tobacco leaf. This will expand or puff
up the plant cells. Expanded tobacco is used to make cigarettes firmer
and it also helps control the burn rate of the cigarette.
 ADDICTIVE NATURE OF NICOTINE
Nicotine is highly addictive. It is one of the most commonly abused drugs. An
average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine; high amounts can be
harmful. Nicotine induces both behavioral stimulation and anxiety in
animals. Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and
relapse following abstinence. Nicotine dependence involves tolerance, sensitization,
physical dependence, and psychological dependence. Nicotine dependency causes
distress. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include depressed mood, stress, anxiety,
irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances. Mild nicotine withdrawal
symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods
only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. On quitting, withdrawal
symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state.
HEALTH EFFECTS DUE
TO COMPOSTION OF
NICOTINE

According to the American Heart Association,

nicotine addiction has historically been
one of the hardest addictions to break,
while the pharmacological and behavioral
characteristics that determine tobacco
addiction are similar to those determining
addiction to heroin and cocaine.
APARATUS REQUIRED
 250 ml Beaker

 Filter Paper

 Separating funnel

 China Dish

 Physical Balance

 Glass Rod
CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS
REQUIRED

 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH) ]

2

 Kerosene as solvent

 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

 Cigarettes
PROCEDURE
 Collect different samples of cigarettes.
 Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on separate pieces of papers.
Weigh 1 gram of each sample using a physical balance and label them. Place them in a dry place.
 Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in 100ml beakers. Stir them with the
help of a glass rod.
 Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully dissolved. Collect them separately in
separating funnels.
 Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funnel. Before pouring, ensure that the
valve is closed.
 After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the two liquids and leave it for two
days without disturbing. Two layers – one heavy layer in the bottom and the second lighter layer in
the top separates out.
 Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through the open valve. The lighter layer
remains in the separating funnel.
 Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each separating funnel. Again shake it
vigorously in order to mix them and leave it for sometime.

 Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at the bottom and another lighter
(almost transparent) layer on the top.

 Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a test tube.

 Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same procedure for the different
samples and label them after the name of the cigarettes from which they have been obtained.

 Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to cold water and leave them for a
day or two.

 Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical balance.
 OBSERVATION
Quantity of
Sr.no. Cigarette sample Nicotine
Sulphate
RESULT
 CONCLUSION

This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco contained in country

cigarettes (beedi) is higher compared to the content in company manufactured

branded cigarettes.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
o www.en.wikipedia.com;

o http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555-overview

o www.righthealth.com

o www.netdoctor.co.uk

o www.nicorette.com

o “World Health Survey” by the World Health Organisation (WHO)

o “Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Ratna Sagar Publications

o “Science Reporter” July, 2010 edition