Fundamental Ideas

Engr Auyon:
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What is Communication ??

Exchange Of Information

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Engr Auyon:
What is Communication??

Exchange Of Information

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Engr Auyon:
 Transfer of information from one place to another

Audio Video I get it !!!!!!!!!!!!

My Information.

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Data Signal

Transmission Medium

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Source

Free Space Destination

Copper
Fiber Optic
 How to transfer information??

Through Some Carrier

Some carrier is required to carry information over

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long distances….

Why???

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Limitation: Information cannot go beyond
certain distance without the aid of a carrier
Carrier

• Should be capable of carrying information

• Can take it through long distance
• Should have good speed

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Engr Auyon:
• Which is the most suitable carrier??
 Electromagnetic Wave

• Highest Known speed 3x108m/s

• Can carry any information through modulation

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• Energetic - Can go through long distance
• Supports multiple media Eg: Free space/Copper/Fiber etc..

Engr Auyon:
 Electromagnetic Wave

 In electromagnetic wave electrical and magnetic fields vary

harmonically
 Harmonic oscillations at atomic level gives oscillating

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electric field
 Electromagnetic wave generation

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 Relation between
electric and magnetic field
Changing electric field gives rise to changing
magnetic field & vise versa

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(Perpendicular)

So in electromagnetic wave electric and magnetic

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fields oscillate perpendicular to each other and
electromagnetic energy transmits perpendicular to
both
 l

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Figure of a wave

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Wavelength = distance travelled in one cycle(l)
Frequency = Number of cycles per second(n)
Velocity(v) = l x n
Electro Magnetic Spectrum

Velocity of all the electromagnetic wave is same, 3 x 108m/s

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Block Diagram of a
Telecommunication System

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Engr Auyon:
Media…..

What is the other thing required apart from carrier for

transmitting signals over longer distances??

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Some medium for carrying signals from transmitter to the
receiver

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Different types of media used for transmitting
signals….
•Wired : Twisted Pair
Co-axial cable
Optical fiber

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Carrier
Tx Rx

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MEDIA

•Wireless(Free space/air):Microwave
Satellite
 Twisted Pair

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Twisted Pair

 Twisted pair is made of two copper wires which are

covered by plastics or materials that are similar

 The insulated wires are twisted to form the

communication line,the purpose of twisting the wires

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is to avoid electrical interference

 Twisted pair can be combined into a cable that may

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consist of two,four,fifty or hundreds of pairs

 Twisted pair is the basis of transmission

media(Telephone)
 Coaxial Cable

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Coaxial Cable
 Coaxial cable contains two conductors which are
insulated from one another

 The inner conductor is covered by the dielectric and

the outer conductor is covered by a shield

 Coaxial cable has many applications,for instance

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cable TV,local networks,short run computer system
links and long distance telephone transmission

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 In local network coaxial cable can support different
type of traffic and data

 By using FDM,it can carry more than 10,000

channels at a time
 Optic Fiber

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Optic Fiber(Physical Appearance)

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Engr Auyon:
Optic Fiber
Optic fiber is made up of 3 parts :

Core,Cladding and jacket

 The inner most part is the core which contains one

or more thin fibers that are made up of plastic or

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glass

 Each of the fiber in the core is covered by a cladding

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which has different optical properties from the core

 The outer most part of the optical fiber is made up of

plastic or other materials ,which is called the jacket
Optic Fiber

 Because of greater performance and higher data rate,the

application of optic fiber has dramatically increased in

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long distance communication and military applications

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 Microwave

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Microwave

 In terrestrial microwave transmission a pair of towers

mounted on top of the towers will transmit signals
through air

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 Microwave antennas are equipped in higher place in
order to achieve better transmission effect

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 Voice transmission,television transmission and the
short point to point links will be the major application
of microwave transmission
 Satellite Communication

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Satellite
 A satellite consists of several transponders which
receive signal from one frequency band,this action is
called uplink

 The satellite will amplify or repeat the signal to other

frequency band,this action is called downlink

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 A satellite link is called a microwave link

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 The most application of satellite communication will
be long distance telephone transmission

 Private business networks and television distribution

 Comparison of Twisted Pair,Coaxial
Cable and Optic fiber

Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Optic Fiber

Data Rate/ 4Mbps 500Mbps Upto

Bandwidth 100Gbps

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Repeater Spacing 1-10Km 1-10Km 10-100Km

Engr Auyon:
Electromagnetism Affected Affected Not affected
Comparison of Satellite and Optic Fiber

Optic Fiber Satellite

Reconfiguration Not possible Possible

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Bandwidth Practically upto 36-72MHz
10 GHz

Weather Condition Affected by storm Not affected by

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storm

Electromagnetic Not affected Affected

Interference