CONTENTS

• Islam, Arabic Learning, and Education

• Medieval Culture and Education
• Renaissance Classical Humanism
• The Religious Reformation and Education
• The Enlightenment’s Influence on Education
 Islam, Arabic Learning, and Education
Islam civilization, originating with the Arabs, became a global
culture and educational force through its ability to absorb, reinterpret,
and transmit knowledge from one world region to another.
Mohammed : the origins of Islam culture began with Mohammed
(569-632), and he start his religious mission in Mecca in 610.
Koran : the most scared book of the Islam religion and culture.
Mohammed’s followers extended Islamic influence through conquest
and conversion
Cont..

• Mohammed’s followers extended Islamic influence through conquest

and conversion.

• Islam scholars translated the text of learning ancient Greek

authors(contact Arab with Europeans).

• Islamic scholar contributed to astronomy, mathematics an medicine.

Medieval Culture and Education
• Decline, then revival in learning : the time period between the fall of
Rome and the Renaissance (c. 500-1400). Characterized by decline in
learning and revival by scholastic education.
• Institutions of learning : European formal primary education fell to
the church in parish, chantry, and monastic schools. At the secondary
level, both monastic and cathedral school offered a general religious
studied and a liberal arts curriculum.
• Access to schooling : class and gender limited school only a small
minority. The majority of students were men, studying for religious
career as priest or monks.
• Access to schooling : class and gender limited school only a small
minority. The majority of students were men, studying for religious
career as priest or monks. Mostly serfs, usually working as farm
laborers on the estates of feudal lords.
• Education of medieval women: Medieval society varied women’s
education according to their socioeconomic class.
Still consigned to traditional gender-prescribed role.
Girls of the serf& peasant classes learned household and child-
rearing chores by imitating their mothers.
Women of the noble classes learn the ascribed role
Medieval school and universities were reserved for men,
guaranteeing male dominance of society.
• Hildegard of Bingen: (1098- 1179CB) A scholar, teacher, writer and
composer. Trying to guide the spiritual development of women via
“The Way of God and The Book of Divine Works”
Aquinas: Scholastic Education
• Faith and reason combined: Medieval educator had developed
Scholasticism. The scholastics believe that the Bible and the
teachings of the Church were revealed supernatural truths.
• Reconciling scriptures with Greek reasoning: Scholastic philosophy
and education reached its zenith in the Summa Theology of Saint
Thomas Aquinas(1225-1274).
• Subject- matter disciplines: The
• Subject- matter disciplines:
The curriculum was organized into formal subjects Example:(mathematics,
natural, moral philosophy, metaphysics & theology)
Scholastics used the syllogism in teaching.
Aquinas’s philosophy, called Thomism – influenced education in catholic
school, where it serves as the basis of a school-faith community.
Medieval Contribution to western Education
Medieval educator transmitted knowledge by presenting it in a scholastic
framework based Christian religion and Aristotle’s philosophy.
 Renaissance Classical Humanism
• Reviving Humanistic aspects of the classics : The Renaissance, a
transitional period between the medieval and modern age began in
the 14th and its zenith in the 15th century. Renaissance educator
classical humanists, looked to the past rather than the future.
• Classical humanism in Italy : Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, the
great writers of their age. Italian noble establish humanist school to
educate their children in the revived classical learning.
• The courtier as a model : From their study of Greek and Latin classics,
humanist educators discovered models of Literary excellence and
style and constructed the courtier as the deal of the educated person.
• Educating the courtier : Balderas Castiglione(1478-1529) in The Book
of the courtier portrayed the courtier as a tactful and diplomatic
person, who having received a liberal education in the classical
literature, served his ruler with style and elegance.
• Critical thinking : The Renaissance humanist educator were literary
figures. Artist-teacher, critics of society and taste, they brought wit,
charm and satire as well as erudition to their work. In northern
European, classical humanist scholars, bye critically examining
medieval theological text, paved the way for the Protestant
Reformation.
• Limited access to school : Humanist preparatory and secondary
school educated children of the nobility and upper classes. Elemetary
schools served the commercial middle classes. Lower socioeconomic-
class children received little, if any, formal schooling.
Erasmus: critic and Humanist
• Erasmus on education : Desiderius Erasums (1465-1536), the leading
classical humanist scholar of the Renaissance, Described the model
teacher as a cosmopolitan Christian humanist. Erasmus believe that a
teacher’s worldview and academic preparation were highly important
for successful teaching as a humanist educator.
• Promoting books and literature : Erasmus developed the following
method for teaching literature:
1. Present the author’s biography
2. Identify the type, or genre, of the work
3. Discuss the plot
4. Reflect on the book’s moral and philosophical implications
5. Analyze the author a writing style
• Opposition to violence : Erasums’ conveys his opposition to war and
violence in The Education of the Christian Prince( 1516). He advised
those who would tutor a prince to make sure that he could learn a
much as he could about the people of his kingdom – about their
traditions, customs, work and Problem.
The Renaissance Contribution to Western Education
• Emphasis on classical language ad literature: Foe centuries, this
classical humanist preference shapes Western secondary and higher
education. In European and the united State, may colleges and
universities require knowledge of Latin for admission until the late
19th century.
• Humanistic(not scientific) knowledge : The humanists’ approach was
later challenge by Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Spencer, and Dewey, who all
argued against instruction that emphasized literature exclusively
while neglecting experience.
• The printing press : The invention of the printing press in 1423 in
Europe advanced literacy and schooling dramatically. By mid-fifteenth
century, European were experimenting with movable metal type in
printing. Johannes Gutenberg, a German jeweler, invented a durable
metal alloy to form letters for the printing press. His Bible, in 1455,
was the fist major book printed thus.
The Religious Reformation and Education
• Humanist criticism of scholastic authorities and rise of
• middle class and later emergence of centralized national
• state weakened central authority of catholic church
• Protestant reforms- John Calvin, Martin Luther, Philipp
• Melanchthon, and Ulrich Zwingli
• Formulate their own educational theories
• Established school & structured their own curriculum
Cont….

• Every person had the right to read Bible as the central

• sources of religious truth

• Established vernacular schools to instruct children in

• their common languages

• Promoted catechistic method & memorization

Cont….
• Reformers allowed both boys and girls to attend primary
• schools
• Prestigious classical humanist preparatory and secondary
• schools reserved for upper class boys
Martin Luther (1483-1546)-
Protestant Reformer
Most religious reformer in shaping western
history and education
Cont….
• Recognized education as a potent ally of religious
• reformation
• Promote vocation training in creating productive citizens
• Pushed public officials to take educational responsibility and
• emphasized schooling’s political, economic, and spiritual
• benefits
• Promote boys and girls to join primary schools but
• secondary as well as university education for young men
The Reformation’s Contribution to Western
Education
• Institutional development - dual-track system of schools
• Enlightenment’s Influence on Education
• Emphasized on using reason and scientific methods to deal with
different issues
• Rousseau, Pestalozzi and etc are contributors
• Instruction of children depends on their need and interest
• Influenced Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson
• Contributes for separation of church and state and education in
state-supported schools
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