Hole’s Human Anatomy

and Physiology
Twelfth Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Chapter
3
Cells

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
 3.1: Introduction
• The basic organizational structure of the human body is the
cell.

• There are 50-100 trillion cells in the human body.

• Differentiation is when cells specialize.

• As a result of differentiation, cells vary in size and shape

due to their unique function.

2
 3.2: A Composite Cell
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Also called a ‘typical’

Phospholipid bilayer

Flagellum

cell Nuclear envelope

Nucleus

Chromatin

• Major parts include: Nucleolus Ribosomes

Microtubules Basal body Cell membrane

• Nucleus
Centrioles Rough
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Mitochondrion
Smooth

• Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic
reticulum

• Cell membrane

Microvilli

Secretory
vesicles
Cilia
Golgi
apparatus

Microtubule

Microtubules

Lysosomes 3
 Cell Membrane
(aka Plasma Membrane)
• Outer limit of the cell
• Controls what moves in and out of the cell
• Selectively permeable
• Phospholipid bilayer
• Water-soluble “heads” form surfaces (hydrophilic)
• Water-insoluble “tails” form interior (hydrophobic)
• Permeable to lipid-soluble substances
• Cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
• Proteins:
• Receptors
• Pores, channels and carriers
• Enzymes
• CAMS
• Self-markers 4
 Cell Membrane
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Extracellular side
of membrane

Glycolipid Carbohydrate Fibrous protein

Glycoprotein

“Heads” of
phospholipid

Double
“Tails” of
layer of
phospholipid Phospholipid
molecules

Cell membrane Cell membrane

(a) (b) Cholesterol Globular Hydrophobic
a: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc. molecules protein fatty acid
“tail”
Cytoplasmic side Hydrophilic
of membrane Phosphate
“head”

5
 Cell Adhesion Molecules
(CAMs)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Guide cells on the move

• Selectin – allows white blood White blood cell

cells to “anchor” Attachment

(rolling)
Selectin

Carbohydrates

• Integrin – guides white blood on capillary wall

Adhesion
cells through capillary walls Integrin
Adhesion
receptor proteins

• Important for growth of Blood vessel

lining cell Exit
Splinter

embryonic tissue

• Important for growth of nerve

cells 6
 Cytoplasm

• Cytosol = water

• Organelles = solids

Cytoplasm is really like a Jello fruit salad

where the Jello is the cytosol and the fruits
(oranges, grapes, bananas, maybe walnuts,
etc.) are the organelles.
7
 Organelles
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Connected, membrane-bound
sacs, canals, and vesicles
• Transport system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Membranes

• Rough ER Membranes

• Studded with ribosomes

• Smooth ER
• Lipid synthesis
• Added to proteins Ribosomes
arriving from rough ER (b) (c)

• Break down of drugs

Ribosomes
• Free floating or connected to ER
• Provide structural support and enzyme activity 8
to amino acids to form protein
 Organelles
Golgi apparatus
• Stack of flattened,
membranous sacs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

• Modifies, packages
and delivers proteins
Vesicles
• Membranous sacs Inner membrane

• Store substances Cristae

Mitochondria
• Membranous sacs with (a) (b)
Outer membrane

inner partitions a: © Bill Longcore/Photo Researchers, Inc.

• Generate energy 9
 Organelles
Lysosomes Centrosome
• Enzyme-containing • Two rod-like centrioles
sacs • Used to produce cilia and
• Digest worn out cell flagella
parts or unwanted • Distributes chromosomes
substances during cell division
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Peroxisomes
• Enzyme-containing Centriole
(cross-section)

sacs
• Break down organic
molecules Centriole
(longitudinal section)
10
(a) (b)
a: © Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
 Organelles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cilia
• Short hair-like projections
• Propel substances on cell
surface

Flagellum (a)

• Long tail-like projection

a: © Oliver Meckes/Photo Researchers, Inc.

• Provides motility to sperm

11
© Colin Anderson/Brand X/CORBIS
 Organelles

Microfilaments and microtubules Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Microtubules
• Thin rods and tubules
• Support cytoplasm
• Allows for movement of
organelles

Inclusions
• Temporary nutrients and
pigments
Microfilaments
© M. Schliwa/Visuals Unlimited

12