REVIEW ANATOMY FOR CLERKS

MARLOW T. ESGUERRA, MD, FPCS, FPSGS

1. The xiphisternal joint lies in what level of the
thoracic vertebrae?
A. 4th C. 9th
B. 8th D. 10th
1. The xiphisternal joint lies in what level of the
thoracic vertebrae?
A. 4th C. 9th
B. 8th D. 10th
 `

T3

Angle of Louis
(sternal angle) is an important
clinical guide to the accurate
counting of ribs.

Opposite the 2nd pair of costal

Cartilages.
2. One of the statements is true regarding a typical
rib.
A. Has 2 articular facets for articulation with the
vertebra that corresponds numerically to it
and the vertebra above it.
B. Has one articular facet each that attaches to
corresponding thoracic vertebrae only.
C. Its head articulates with the body of T1.
D. Has a scalene tubercle for the scalenus
anterior muscle.
2. One of the statements is true regarding a typical
rib.
A. Has 2 articular facets for articulation with the
vertebra that corresponds numerically to it
and the vertebra above it.
B. Has one articular facet each that attaches to
corresponding thoracic vertebrae only.
C. Its head articulates with the body of T1.
D. Has a scalene tubercle for the scalenus
anterior muscle.
THE RIBS

T3

Rib 3 Articulates with Rib 4

A costal cartilage
3. One of the following is true of the first rib.
A. The 1st rib is the broadest and the most
curved of all ribs.
B. Has a tuberosity for the serratus anterior
muscle.
C. Its head does not articulate with the body
of T1.
D. None of the above.
3. One of the following is true of the first rib.
A. The 1st rib is the broadest and the most
curved of all ribs.
B. Has a tuberosity for the serratus anterior
muscle.
C. Its head does not articulate with the body
of T1.
D. None of the above.
 Typical and Atypical Ribs
ATYPICAL RIBS
Ribs 1ST Rib 2nd Rib

Head Articulates with

the body of T1

Neck
Tubercle
Shaft Has a scalene Has a
tubercle for the tuberosity
scalenus anterior for the
muscle serratus
Has a groove anterior
where blood muscle
vessels and nerves
cross over it

The 1st rib is the broadest and the most curved of all ribs.
It is the shortest of all TRUE ribs.

The second rib has a curvature similar to the first rib

but it is thinner, less curved and is about twice as long as the first rib.
4. One of the following is true of the joints of the
thoracic cage.
A.The joints between heads of the ribs to the
vertebrae are fibrous.
B.The joints between the tubercles and the
transverse processes are fibrous.
C.The costochondral joints are fibrous.
D.The joint between the 1st costal cartilage and the
manubrium is synovial.
4. One of the following is true of the joints of the
thoracic cage.
A.The joints between heads of the ribs to the
vertebrae are fibrous.
B.The joints between the tubercles and the
transverse processes are fibrous.
C.The costochondral joints are fibrous.
D.The joint between the 1st costal cartilage and the
manubrium is synovial.
 JOINTS
JOINT TYPE OF JOINT
Between heads of the ribs to the vertebrae Synovial
Between the tubercles with the transverse Synovial
processes
At the costochondral joints Fibrous
Between the 1st costal cartilages to the Fibrous
manubrium
Between the 2nd costal cartilage with the Synovial
manubrium and the body of the sternum
Between the 3rd to 7th costal cartilages to the Synovial
body of the sternum
6th to 10th costal cartilages articulate with each synovial
other
5. Generally, the thoracic vertebrae has the
following characteristics except:
A. The vertebral arch is small and circular.
B. The tranverse process has costal facets to
articulate with the tubercle of the ribs.
C. Its body is medium- sized, heart-shape and
has costal facets on sides to articulate with
the head of the ribs.
D. The spinous process is small and bifid.
5. Generally, the thoracic vertebrae has the
following characteristics except:
A. The vertebral arch is small and circular.
B. The tranverse process has costal facets to
articulate with the tubercle of the ribs.
C. Its body is medium- sized, heart-shape and
has costal facets on sides to articulate with
the head of the ribs.
D. The spinous process is small and bifid.
 THE THORACIC VERTEBRAE
Parts Thoracic
A. BODY •Medium – sized,
•heart-shaped
•Has costal facets on
sides to articulate with
the head of the ribs
B. VERTEBRAL ARCH Small, circular
with Vertebral Canal/
Foramen
D. PROCESSES
1. spinous Long, inclined forward
2. transverse Has costal facets to
articulate with the
tubercle of the ribs
3. Superior Articular Facets that face
backward and laterally
4. Inferior Articular Facets that face
forward and medially
 THE CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
Parts Cervical
A. BODY •Small,
•broad from side to
side
B. VERTEBRAL ARCH Large, triangular
with Vertebral Canal/
Foramen
C. PROCESSES
1. spinous Small and bifid
2. transverse Has a transverse
foramen (vertebral
artery and vein)
3. Superior Articular Facets face upward
and backward
4. Inferior Articular Facets face downward
and forward
6. One of the following is true of the sacral bone:
A. Are 5 rudimentary vertebrae fused to form a
wedge-shaped bone concaved posteriorly.
B. Has a sacral hiatus located anteriorly.
C. Has transverse ridges located posteriorly.
D. The facets of the superior articular processes
face posteriorly
6. One of the following is true of the sacral bone:
A. Are 5 rudimentary vertebrae fused to form a
wedge-shaped bone concaved posteriorly.
B. Has a sacral hiatus located anteriorly.
C. Has transverse ridges located posteriorly.
D. The facets of the superior articular processes
face posteriorly
 SACRAL BONE
• 5 rudimentary vertebrae fused to form a
wedge-shaped bone concaved anteriorly
Where sacral nerves pass through
Sacral canal
•Sacral n.
•Coccygeal n.
•Filum terminale
•Fibrofatty material

Promontory

Laminae fail to
meet at the midline
(sacral hiatus)

Vertebral foramina forms the sacral canal, contains the subarachnoid space
7. One of the following is true of the anterior
longitudinal ligament.
A. Runs along the posterior bodies of the
vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal.
B. Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral
column.
C. Runs from the anterior tubercle of C1 and the
occipital bone of the skull anterior to the
foramen magnum to the sacrum.
D. Weaker and narrower band.
7. One of the following is true of the anterior
longitudinal ligament.
A. Runs along the posterior bodies of the
vertebral bodies within the vertebral canal.
B. Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral
column.
C. Runs from the anterior tubercle of C1 and the
occipital bone of the skull anterior to the
foramen magnum to the sacrum.
D. Weaker and narrower band.
 LIGAMENTS
• Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

 Strong, broad fibrous band

 Covers and connects the anterior

aspects fo the verterbral bodies
and intervertebral discs

 From the anterior tubercle of C1

and the occipital bone of the
skull anterior to the foramen
magnum to the sacrum

 pelvic surface of the sacrum to

prevent hyperextension of the
vertebral column
LIGAMENTS
• Posterior Longitudinal
Ligament

 Weaker, narrower band

 Runs along the posterior bodies

of the vertebral bodies within
the vertebral canal

 From C2 to the sacrum

 Prevents hyperextension of the

vertebral column
8. The pectoralis major, subclavius, and
pectoralis minor muscles form what boundary
of the axilla?
A. Lateral C. Medial
B. Anterior D. Posterior
8. The pectoralis major, subclavius, and
pectoralis minor muscles form what boundary
of the axilla?
A. Lateral C. Medial
B. Anterior D. Posterior
 Boundaries of the axilla
• Anterior: pectoralis major, subclavius, and
pectoralis minor muscles
• Posterior: subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and
teres major muscles from above down
• Medial: upper four or five ribs and the
intercostal spaces covered by the serratus
anterior muscle
• Lateral: coracobrachialis and biceps muscles in
the bicipital groove of the humerus
9.A man came to the emergency room with a
stab wound above the area of the pectoralis
minor. What part of axillary artery is most
probably injured?
A. 1st part C. 3rd part
B. 2nd part D. We can never tell
9.A man came to the emergency room with a
stab wound above the area of the pectoralis
minor. What part of axillary artery is most
probably injured?
A. 1st part C. 3rd part
B. 2nd part D. We can never tell
10. The thoracoacromial artery came from what
part of the axillary artery?
A. 1st C. 3rd
B. 2nd D. None of the above
10. The thoracoacromial artery came from what
part of the axillary artery?
A. 1st C. 3rd
B. 2nd D. None of the above
11. One of the following is the result of the
combination of the anterior divisions of
superior and middle trunks of the brachial
plexus.
A. Lateral cord C. Posterior cord
B. Medial cord D. Median nerve
11. One of the following is the result of the
combination of the anterior divisions of
superior and middle trunks of the brachial
plexus.
A. Lateral cord C. Posterior cord
B. Medial cord D. Median nerve
12. One of the following is true of the brachial
artery.
A. begins at the lower border of the teres major
muscle as a continuation of the subclavian
artery
B. provides the main arterial supply to the
forearm
C. terminates opposite the neck of the radius by
dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries.
D. Has no muscular branches to the anterior
compartment of the upper arm
12. One of the following is true of the brachial
artery.
A. begins at the lower border of the teres major
muscle as a continuation of the subclavian
artery
B. provides the main arterial supply to the
forearm
C. terminates opposite the neck of the radius by
dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries.
D. Has no muscular branches to the anterior
compartment of the upper arm
13. A branch of the dorsalis pedis artery that
runs laterally under the extensor tendons
and gives off metatarsal branches to the
toes.
A. Lateral tarsal artery C. First dorsal
metatarsal artery
B. Arcuate artery D. medial tarsal
artery
13. A branch of the dorsalis pedis artery that
runs laterally under the extensor tendons
and gives off metatarsal branches to the
toes.
A. Lateral tarsal artery C. First dorsal
metatarsal artery
B. Arcuate artery D. medial tarsal
artery
14. This nerve enters the foot behind the lateral
malleolus and supplies the skin along the
lateral margin of the foot and lateral sides of
the 5th toe.
A. Sural C. Deep peroneal
B. Saphenous D. Medial plantar
14. This nerve enters the foot behind the lateral
malleolus and supplies the skin along the
lateral margin of the foot and lateral sides of
the 5th toe.
A. Sural C. Deep peroneal
B. Saphenous D. Medial plantar
15. Plantarflexion of the ankle joint is performed
by a number of muscles, one of them is:
A. tibialis anterior C. extensor
digitorum longus
B. extensor halluis longus D. soleus
15. Plantarflexion of the ankle joint is performed
by a number of muscles, one of them is:
A. tibialis anterior C. extensor
digitorum longus
B. extensor halluis longus D. soleus
 PLANTAR FLEXION
• Performed by the gastrocnemius, soleus,
plantaris, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis,
tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and
flexor hallucis longus
16. The only muscle of the anterior fascial
compartment of the leg that originates from
the calcaneum.
A. Tibialis anterior C. Extensor hallucis
longus
B. Peroneus tertius D. Extensor
digitorum brevis
16. The only muscle of the anterior fascial
compartment of the leg that originates from
the calcaneum.
A. Tibialis anterior C. Extensor hallucis
longus
B. Peroneus tertius D. Extensor
digitorum brevis
17. The lateral wall of the subsartorial canal is
formed by this muscle.
A. Vastus medialis C. Adductor longus
B. Sartorius D. Vastus lateralis
17. The anteromedial wall of the subsartorial
canal is formed by this muscle.
A. Vastus medialis C. Adductor longus
B. Sartorius D. Vastus lateralis
18. Femoral hernia occurs in what part of the
femoral sheath compartment?
A. Lateral C. Medial
B. Intermediate D. None of the above
18. Femoral hernia occurs in what part of the
femoral sheath compartment?
A. Lateral C. Medial
B. Intermediate D. None of the above
 FEMORAL SHEATH COMPARTMENTS
• femoral artery, as it enters the thigh beneath
the inguinal ligament, occupies the lateral
compartment of the sheath
• femoral vein occupies the intermediate
compartment
• lymph vessels occupy the most of the medial
compartment
FEMORAL CANAL
19. The anterior boundary of the femoral ring is
formed by what structure?
A. Ingunal ligament C. lacunar ligament

B. superior ramus of the pubis D. femoral vein

19. The anterior boundary of the femoral ring is
formed by what structure?
A. Ingunal ligament C. lacunar ligament

B. superior ramus of the pubis D. femoral vein

Femoral hernia
20. One of the following statements is true of the
femoral sheath, EXCEPT:
A. funnel-shaped, fascial tube of varying length
(usually 3-4 cm) (2.5 cm) that passes deep to the
inguinal ligament
B. encloses proximal parts of the femoral vessels
and creates the femoral canal medial to them
C. formed by an inferior prolongation of the
transversalis and iliopsoas fascia from the
abdomen/greater pelvis
D. encloses the femoral nerve
20. One of the following statements is true of the
femoral sheath, EXCEPT:
A. funnel-shaped, fascial tube of varying length
(usually 3-4 cm) (2.5 cm) that passes deep to the
inguinal ligament
B. encloses proximal parts of the femoral vessels
and creates the femoral canal medial to them
C. formed by an inferior prolongation of the
transversalis and iliopsoas fascia from the
abdomen/greater pelvis
D. encloses the femoral nerve
21. The femoral triangle is a triangular
depressed area situated in the upper part of
the medial aspect of the thigh just below the
inguinal ligament, its lateral boundary is the:
A. inguinal ligament C. adductor longus
muscle
B. sartorius muscle D. pectineus muscle
2. A male patient was rushed to the emergency
room with a stab wound in the femoral sheath
area. On inspection, there is a penetrating
wound in the area of the lateral compartment.
What structure is possibly severed?
A. Femoral artery C. Femoral nerve
B. Femoral nerve D. great saphenous
vein
2. A male patient was rushed to the emergency
room with a stab wound in the femoral sheath
area. On inspection, there is a penetrating
wound in the area of the lateral compartment.
What structure is possibly severed?
A. Femoral artery C. Femoral nerve
B. Femoral nerve D. great saphenous
vein
23. This structure is comprised of the inferior
fibers of the external oblique aponeurosis that
stretches from the anterior superior iliac spine
to the pubic tubercle.
A. Poupart’s ligament C. Lacunar ligament
B. Cooper’s ligament D. Ligament of
Gimbernat
23. This structure is comprised of the inferior
fibers of the external oblique aponeurosis that
stretches from the anterior superior iliac spine
to the pubic tubercle.
A. Poupart’s ligament C. Lacunar ligament
B. Cooper’s ligament D. Ligament of
Gimbernat
24. One of the following is true of the prostate.
A. Embraced by the fibers of the levator ani
inferiorly
B. Continuous with the neck of the bladder
superiorly
C. Laterally, the apex lies on the upper surface of
the urogenital diaphragm
D. The fibrous sheath of the prostate is connected
to the posterior aspect of the pubic bones by the
pubovesical ligaments
24. One of the following is true of the prostate.
A. Embraced by the fibers of the levator ani
inferiorly
B. Continuous with the neck of the bladder
superiorly
C. Laterally, the apex lies on the upper surface of
the urogenital diaphragm
D. The fibrous sheath of the prostate is connected
to the posterior aspect of the pubic bones by the
pubovesical ligaments
25. In this lobe of the prostate, the ejaculatory
duct and the urethra lie.
A.Lateral lobes C. superior lobe
B.Middle lobe D. inferior lobe
25. In this lobe of the prostate, the ejaculatory
duct and the urethra lie.
A.Lateral lobes C. superior lobe
B.Middle lobe D. inferior lobe
26. What is the immediate venous drainage of
the prostate?
A. Prostatic venous plexus C. Vesical vein
B. Prostatic vein D. testicular vein
26. What is the immediate venous drainage of
the prostate?
A. Prostatic venous plexus C. Vesical vein
B. Prostatic vein D. testicular vein
27. In a patient with prostatic cancer, you expect
the first nodal metastasis in the:
A. Paraaortic nodes C. Superficial
inguinal nodes
B. Internal iliac nodes D. external iliac
nodes
27. In a patient with prostatic cancer, you expect
the first nodal metastasis in the:
A. Paraaortic nodes C. Superficial
inguinal nodes
B. Internal iliac nodes D. external iliac
nodes
29. The following is true of the vas deferens,
except:
A. A thick walled tube approximately 45 cm.
Long
B. Embedded separately from the spermatic
cord
C. Conveys mature sperm from the epididymis
to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra
D. Ligated during vasectomy
29. The following is true of the vas deferens,
except:
A. A thick walled tube approximately 45 cm.
Long
B. Embedded separately from the spermatic
cord
C. Conveys mature sperm from the epididymis
to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra
D. Ligated during vasectomy
30. The following is true of the broad ligament:
A. There are no other ligaments that arise from
the broad ligament
B. The mesosalphinx is that part of the broad
between the ligament of the ovary, the ovary
and the fallopian tube.
C. The single layer of broad ligament is
continuous at the free edge which is directed
anteriorly to surround the uterine tube.
D. The broad ligament is a fold of peritoneum
with no mesothelium.
30. The following is true of the broad ligament:
A. There are no other ligaments that arise from
the broad ligament
B. The mesosalphinx is that part of the broad
ligament between the ligament of the ovary,
the ovary and the fallopian tube.
C. The single layer of broad ligament is
continuous at the free edge which is directed
anteriorly to surround the uterine tube.
D. The broad ligament is a fold of peritoneum
with no mesothelium.
31. The uterus is posteriorly related to the:
A. Appendix C. Ascending
colon
B. Pouch of Douglas D. cecum
31. The uterus is posteriorly related to the:
A. Appendix C. Ascending
colon
B. Pouch of Douglas D. cecum
32. The immediate venous drainage of the left
ovary is:
A. Inferior vena cava C. Left ovarian vein
B. Left renal vein D. internal iliac vein
32. The immediate venous drainage of the left
ovary is:
A. Inferior vena cava C. Left ovarian vein
B. Left renal vein D. internal iliac vein
33. One of the following is the narrowest part of
the fallopian tube.
A. Infundibulum C. ampulla
B. Isthmus D. intramural part
33. One of the following is the narrowest part of
the fallopian tube.
A. Infundibulum C. ampulla
B. Isthmus D. intramural part
34. The transpyloric plane corresponds to what
level of the vertebral column?
A. L1 C. L3
B. L2 D. L4
34. The transpyloric plane corresponds to what
level of the vertebral column?
A. L1 C. L3
B. L2 D. L4
TRANSPYLORIC PLANE

The horizontal plane that passes through the

tips of the ninth costal margin of the 2 sides
SUBCOSTAL PLANE

lowest point of the costal margin of the 2 sides

Lies at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra

35. The appendix lies in what region of the
abdomen?
A. Right iliac C. Right lumbar
B. Hypogastric D. right hypochondriac
35. The appendix lies in what region of the
abdomen?
A. Right iliac C. Right lumbar
B. Hypogastric D. right hypochondriac
THE 9 REGIONS OF THE ABDOMEN

Right Epigastric Left

Hypochondriac region or Hypochondriac
Region epigastrium Region

Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar

Region region Region

Hypogastric
Right Inguinal Left Inguinal
region or
Region Region
hypogastrium

109
36. A superficial fascia that passes in front of the
thigh and fuses with the deep fascia 1
fingerbreadth below the inguinal ligament
A. Fatty layer C. Scarpa’s fascia
B. Membranous layer D. Camper’s fascia
36. A superficial fascia that passes in front of the
thigh and fuses with the deep fascia 1
fingerbreadth below the inguinal ligament
A. Fatty layer C. Scarpa’s fascia
B. Membranous layer D. Camper’s fascia
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF THE ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA

MEMBRANOUS
FATTY LAYER
LAYER
Fascia of Camper Scarpa’s fascia – anterior abdominal wall

Colles’ fascia - perineum

Dartos muscle

113
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF THE ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA

MEMBRANOUS
FATTY LAYER
LAYER

Continuous with the superficial

fat over the rest of the body

May be thick

114
 The Fatty Layer of the Superficial Fascia
of the Abdominal Wall
Fatty layer
(Camper’s fascia)

In the scrotum, the fatty layer

is represented as a thin layer
of muscle tissue,
the DARTOS muscle

115
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF THE ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA

MEMBRANOUS
FATTY LAYER
LAYER

Thin

Fades out laterally and above

(becomes continuous with the
superficial fascia of the back and
the thorax)

116
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA OF THE ANTERIOR
ABDOMINAL WALL
SUPERFICIAL FASCIA

MEMBRANOUS
FATTY LAYER
LAYER
Scarpa’s fascia – anterior abdominal wall

Colles’ fascia - perineum

117
 The Membranous Layer of the Superficial Fascia
of the Abdominal Wall
Membranous layer
(Scarpa’s fascia)

Membranous layer
(Colles’ fascia)

Inferiorly, it is
not attached to the pubis
forms a tubular sheath
For the penis or the clitoris
Posteriorly it fuses with the
Enters the wall of the
Perineal body
scrotum or labia majora

Passes to be attached to the margins

of the pubic arch
118
37. The following is true about the rectus sheath
at the subcostal margin. Except.
A. The aponeurosis of the internal oblique splits
to enclose the rectus abdominis
B. The aponeurosis of the external oblique is
directed in front of the muscle
C. The aponeurosis of the transversus is directed
behind the muscle
D. The aponeurosis of the 3 lateral abdominal
walls form the anterior wall
37. The following is true about the rectus sheath
above the arcuate line. Except.
A. The aponeurosis of the internal oblique splits
to enclose the rectus abdominis
B. The aponeurosis of the external oblique is
directed in front of the muscle
C. The aponeurosis of the transversus is directed
behind the muscle
D. The aponeurosis of the 3 lateral abdominal
walls form the anterior wall
The Abdominal Muscles – Action
In addition:
Abdominal muscles

LATERAL ANTERIOR

External Oblique Rectus Abdominis

Internal Oblique
Flexes the trunk
Laterally flexes and rotates the trunk Stabilizes the pelvis

Transversus Pyramidalis

Keeps the linea alba taut

121
 Pyramidalis

INSERTION:
Linea alba
PYRAMIDALIS
ORIGIN:
Base of the
anterior border
of the pubis

122
 THE SEMILUNAR LINE OF DOUGLAS
(ARCUATE LINE)
• DEFINITION:
• The free, curved border
where the aponeurosis
forming the posterior wall
pass in front of the rectus
abdominis at the level of
the anterior superior iliac
spine

• a crescentic line
(Arcuate Line) that is the
inferior limit of the
posterior wall of the rectus
sheath

123
 THE SEMILUNAR LINE OF DOUGLAS
(ARCUATE LINE)
• SIGNIFICANCE:
• Site where inferior
Superior
epigastric vessels enter the Epigastric
rectus sheath and vessels
anastomose with the
superior epigastric vessels

Inferior
Epigastric
vessels

124
38. The site where inferior epigastric vessels
enter the rectus sheath and anastomose with
the superior epigastric vessels.
A. Arcuate line C. McBurney’s point
B. Rectus sheath D. linea semilunaris
39. The superior/lateral border of the
Hesselbach’s triangle.
A. Rectus abdominis C. Inguinal ligament
B. Inferior epigastric vesselsD. lacunar ligament
39. The superior/lateral border of the
Hesselbach’s triangle.
A. Rectus abdominis C. Inguinal ligament
B. Inferior epigastric vesselsD. lacunar ligament
40. True of direct inguinal hernia:
A. Congenital
B. Lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels
C. Resulted from weakness of the abdominal
wall muscles
D. More common in children and young adults
41. The taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the
tongue is provided by the :
A. Lingual nerve
B. Chorda tympani
C. Glossopharyngeal nerve
D. None of the above
41. The taste sensation of the anterior 2/3 of the
tongue is provided by the :
A. Lingual nerve
B. Chorda tympani
C. Glossopharyngeal nerve
D. None of the above
42. Where does Stensen’s duct (parotid)
terminates?
A. opposite the upper second molar tooth
B. at the side of the frenulum of the tongue
C. summit of the sublingual fold
D. None of the above
42. Where does Stensen’s duct (parotid)
terminates?
A. opposite the upper second molar tooth
B. at the side of the frenulum of the tongue
C. summit of the sublingual fold
D. None of the above
43. The immediate blood supply of the cervical
part of the esophagus is provided by?
A. inferior thyroid artery
B. branches of the descending thoracic aorta
C. left gastric artery
D. Internal carotid
43. The immediate blood supply of the cervical
part of the esophagus is provided by?
A. inferior thyroid artery
B. branches of the descending thoracic aorta
C. left gastric artery
D. Internal carotid
44. The following vessels are classified as large
arteries, except.
A. Subclavian
B. Brachiocephalic
C. common carotid
D. axillary
44. The following vessels are classified as large
arteries, except.
A. Subclavian
B. Brachiocephalic
C. common carotid
D. axillary
Classification of artery according
to size and function
Large arteries
• aorta, brachiocephalic, common carotid,
subclavian and common iliac arteries
•conduct blood to the medium-sized distributing
arteries
•during systole, their elastic laminae are
stretched and reduce blood pressure
•during diastole, the elastic rebound helps
maintain arterial pressure.
Medium-sized arteries
•Internal & external carotid, axillary, internal
&external iliacs

•have less elastic tissue than large arteries

• the predominant constituent of the tunica

media is smooth muscle
45. One of the following statements is true of
the azygous vein.
A. Lies on the anterior aspect of the inferior
vena cava
B. It runs up the left side of the thoracic
vertebral column
C. Usually paired
D. Connects the superior and inferior venae
cavae
45. One of the following statements is true of
the azygous vein.
A. Lies on the anterior aspect of the inferior
vena cava
B. It runs up the left side of the thoracic
vertebral column
C. Usually paired
D. Connects the superior and inferior venae
cavae
46. One of the following signs is a manifestation
of portal hypertension.
A. Caput medusae
B. Decreased sensorium
C. Gastric ulcer
D. Bleeding gums
46. One of the following signs is a manifestation
of portal hypertension.
A. Caput medusae
B. Decreased sensorium
C. Gastric ulcer
D. Bleeding gums
•short gastric veins

•left gastric vein

•Coronary veins

•Umbilical veins

•Superior hemorrhoidal plexus

•retroperitoneal communications
47. One of the following statements is true of
the jejunum as compared to the ileum.
A. Shorter vasa recta
B. Has many short loops of arcades
C. Its wall is thick and heavy
D. Has lesser vascularity
47. One of the following statements is true of
the jejunum as compared to the ileum.
A. Shorter vasa recta
B. Has many short loops of arcades
C. Its wall is thick and heavy
D. Has lesser vascularity
48. One of the following statements is true of
the large intestine.
A. Teniae coli is a three thickened bands of
longitudinal muscle fibers
B. Has omental appendices that are small and
fatty
C. the internal diameter is much larger
D. Has plicae circulares
48. One of the following statements is true of
the large intestine.
A. Teniae coli is a three thickened bands of
longitudinal muscle fibers
B. Has omental appendices that are small and
fatty
C. the internal diameter is much larger
D. Has plicae circulares
49. What level of the digestive system will the
superior mesenteric artery supply?
A. From ligament of Treitz to proximal 2/3 of the
transverse colon
B. From the 2nd part of the duodenum to the
distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
C. From the ligament of Treitz to the ileocecal
valve
D. From the 2nd part of the duodenum to the
proximal 1/3 of the transverse colon
49. What level of the digestive system will the
superior mesenteric artery supply?
A. From ligament of Treitz to proximal 2/3 of the
transverse colon
B. From the 2nd part of the duodenum to the
distal 1/3 of the transverse colon
C. From the ligament of Treitz to the ileocecal
valve
D. From the 2nd part of the duodenum to the
proximal 1/3 of the transverse colon
50. The Eustachian tube is located in what part
of the pharynx?
A. Nasopharynx
B. Oropharynx
C. Laryngopharynx
D. None of the above
50. The Eustachian tube is located in what part
of the pharynx?
A. Nasopharynx
B. Oropharynx
C. Laryngopharynx
D. None of the above
THE NASOPHARYNX
• AUDITORY (EUSTACHIAN)
TUBE