THE SOUND OF LANGUAGE

• Haidar Jaganegara
• Imelda Matavani
• Maria Imaculata
• Utari Ananda Putri
 Phonetics - Basics
- Definition: the study of human speech sounds

- Phonetics is concerned with the sounds we make in

speech. How we produce them, how these sounds are
transferred from the speaker to the hearer as sound
waves, and how we hear and perceive them

Articulatory Acoustic Auditory

 Branches of phonetics
 Articulatory phonetics
How sounds are produced

 Acoustic phonetics
Physical properties of sound
waves

 Auditory phonetics
How sounds are perceived
 Voiced and voiceless

Voiced : when you make a voiced sound, your throat vibrates

/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dʒ/

Voiceless : when you make a voiceless sound, your throat doesn’t vibrates.
/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ / / /s/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/
 Place of Articulation
/w/ Labial-velaril /p b m/
Bilabial

labiodental /f v/
Glottal
/?/
Dental
velar /Θ ð/
/ k g ɳ/

Palatal Alveolar
/t d s z n l/
/j/

Retroflex postalveolar
/ʴ/ / ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ /
 Familiar and unfamiliar symbols

/p/ : pop /Θ/ : theta

/ð/ : loathe Dental
/b/ : bob Bilabial
/m/: mom
/ʃ/ : shoe
/f/ : five /ʒ/ : garage Postal-
Labio- /tʃ/ : cheese
/v/ : visa Veolar
dental /dʒ/: judge
/t/ : tot
/d/: dad /j/ : yoyo Palatal
/s/ : summer Alveolar
/z/ : zebra /k/ : kick
/n/ : number /g/ : gag Velar
/ɳ/ : bang
 Manner of Articulation

Stops Fricatives Affricatives Nasals Liquids Glides

/p t k b d g/ /f Θ s ʃ h v / tʃ dʒ/ /m n ɳ/ /l r/ /w j/
ð z ʒ/
 Consonant chart

Glottal stops : produced when the space between the vocal fold is closed
completely very briefly, then released.

Flaps : This sound is produced by the tongue tip

tapping the alveolar ridge briefly.
- Many American English speakers have a tendency to flap [t] and [d]
 Vowels
• Definition : produced with relatively free flow of air
• They are all typically voiced
 Diphthongs

Definition : regularly create sounds that consist of a combination of two vowel sounds

Diphthong Word: Phonetic transcription

/eı/ pay /peı/
/aı/ five /faıv/
/əu/ home /həum/
/au/ now /nau/
/ɔı/ join /dʒɔın/
/ıə/ near /nıə(r)/
/eə/ hair /heə(r)/
/uə/ pure /pjuə(r)/
 Subtle Individual Variation

- It is very natural to notice variations among the vowels of different

variaties of English
- For example, you may make no distinction between the vowels in
the words of caught and cot both as [a]
- You may also be used to seeing the vowel sound of pet
represented as [e] in dictionaries rather than with [ε] as used here
- In fact, in casual speech we all use schwa more than any other
single sound. In the every day schwa [ə] use of word as
afford,collapse,photograph,wanted and in those very common words a
and the.
- The more we focus on the subtle differences in the actual
articulation of each sound, the more likely we are to find ourselves
describing the pronounciation of small groups or even individual
speakers. Such subtle differences enable us to identify individual
voices and recognize people we know as soon as they speak