Quiz No 1

Barometer, piezometer, manometer, differential

manometer
 Quiz No 2

Laws of thermodynamics (Zeroth, 1st, 2nd)

Definitions, equations, applications

4 heating and cooling processes (formulas, PV diagrams)

 Quiz No 3

Refrigeration cycle
Carnot cycle
Heat Engines
(formulas, PV diagrams,
explain the cycles, numerical)
Power Transmission Elements

Lecture 10
 Transmission system
• The system that is used to transmit power
from one mechanical element to another
mechanical element.

5
 Factors to select transmission system
• Distance between driver and driven pulley
shaft.
• Operational speed.
• Power to be transmitted.

6
 Types of transmitting system
• Belt drives
• Rope drives
• Chain drives
• Gear drives

7
 Belt drive
• Power is to be transmitted between the parallel shaft.
• Consists of two pulleys over which a endless belt is passed
encircling the both.
• Rotary motion is transmitted from driving pulley to driven
pulley.

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 Belt Drive (cont..)
• Friction is a helpful agent.
• Tension in one side of the belt
– Portion of the belt having less tension is called slack side.
– Portion of the belt having high tension is called tight side.

Flexing means bending, bucking

9
 Belt materials
• Rubber
• Leather
• Canvas
• Cotton
• Steel

. 10
. 11
. 12
 Classification
• Open belt drive
• Closed belt drive

. 13
 Open belt drive
• Both driver and driven
pulley rotate in both
direction.
• Belt is passed over
driver and driven.
• Driver pulley pulls the
belt from one side and
delivers to other side.
• Tension is more in
lower side then upper
side.

. 14
 Cross belt drive
• Driven rotates in
opposite direction to
that of driver.
• At the point were the
belt crosses it rubs
against each other
and there will be wear.
• To avoid this speed of
belt should be less
than 15 m/s.

. 15
Comparison between Open belt drive and Close belt
drive
Open Belt Drive Closed Belt Drive

Both driver and the driven rotates Driver and driven rotates in
in the same direction opposite direction

When the shafts are horizontal, Even if the shafts are vertical it is
inclined it is effective to transmit effective to transmit the power
the power

As there is no rubbing point, the Due to the rubbing point, the life of
life of the belt is more the belt reduces.

Require less length of the belt Require more length of belt

compared to crossed belt drive for compared to open belt drive for the
same centre distance, pulley same centre distance, pulley
diameters. .
diameters. 16
 Area application of the belt drives
•Belt drives are applied where the rotational speeds are relatively high .
•The linear speed of a belt is 762-1981 m/min, which results in relatively low
tensile forces in the belt.
•Belts operate on pulleys, whereas chains operate on toothed wheels called
sprockets.

Disadvantages of the belt drives

• At lower speeds, the tension in the belt becomes too large for typical belt
cross sections, and slipping up to 3%may occur between the sides of the belt
and the pulley that carries it.
•At higher speeds, dynamic effects such as centrifugal forces and vibration
reduce the effectiveness of the drive and its life.

Improvement of the belt drives

•Some belt designs employ high-strength, reinforcing strands and a
cogged design that engages matching grooves in the pulleys to enhance
their ability to transmit the high forces at low speeds.
 Synchronous belts
Synchronous/cogged/toothed/timing belts are
constructed with ribs or teeth across the underside of
the belt. The teeth providing a positive drive without
slippage.

Cog belts are applied to standard sheaves. The cogs

give the belt greater flexibility and higher efficiency
compared with standard belts.
Ropes
Haulage rope means moving loaded and empty mine
cars by use of wire rope
Chains
CHAINS DRIVE
Chain drives to transmit rotational motion and torque from one shaft to
another, are suited for applications slow speed, and high torque.

More complex design than a belt drive

 Types of Chains
Chains are made from a series of interconnected links.
• A roller chain is the most common type of chain used for power transmission.
• Large roller chains are rated to 450 kW. The roller chain design provides quiet and efficient
operation but must be lubricated.

Roller chain
Multiple-strand roller chain

• Multiple-strand chains used to increase the amount of power transmitted by the

chain drive.
•Equation is used to calculate the power transmitted through each chain.
GEARING
 Gearing

Types of Gears
•Spur Gears
•Helical Gears
•Bevel Gears
•Worm Gears
 Types of Gears
Spur:
•Simplest Gear
•Teeth cut on cylindrical surface, parallel to axis of rotation.
•Used to transmit rotational motion between parallel
shafts
•Small gear= the pinion; larger gear= the gear
They are used in: Metal cutting machines, Power plants
Marine engines, Mechanical clocks and watches, Fuel
pumps, Washing Machines, Material handling equipments
Spur Automobile gear boxes, Steel mills, Rolling mills
 Types of Gears
Helical:
•Teeth cut on cylindrical surface, at fixed angle to axis of
rotation.
•Used to transmit rotational motion between parallel
shafts
•Provide smoother and quieter operation than spurt gears
at high speed (due to more gradual engagement of teeth)
•Helical is the most commonly used gear in transmissions.

Helical
 Types of Gears
Bevel:
•Tapered teeth cut on conical surface
•Used to transmit rotational motion between non-parallel
shafts (usually perpendicular shafts)
•Applications: Hand drills (changing drill bit)

Bevel
 Types of Gears
Worm:
•“worm” (similar to a screw) drives “worm wheel” (similar to
helical gear)
•Used to transmit rotational motion between non- intersecting
(usually perpendicular) shaft.
•Achieve large speed reduction and torque multiplication
•Higher frictional losses and heat generation
•Applications: Gate control mechanisms, Lifts, Speed reducer,
Worm Automobile steering mechanisms