FORMWORK

SUBMITTED BY:
GUNJAN
GEETIKA TEHRI
RADHIKA
 INTRODUCTION
■ When concrete is placed, it is in a placed state. It requires to be supported by temporary supports and
casings of the desired shape till it becomes sufficiently strong to support its own weight. This
temporary casing is known as the formwork or shuttering.
MATERIAL USED FOR PREPARING
FORMWORK

1. STEEL
• Steel is used for formwork when it is
desired to re-use the formwork several
times.
• The initial cost of steel formwork is
very high.
2. TIMBER
• When formwork is required for small
works requiring less repetition.
• The timber formwork is cheap in the
initial costings.
1) FOLDED PLATES

■ Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates

rigidly connected together along their
edges in such a way that the structural
system capable of carrying loads without
the need for additional supporting beams
along mutual edges.
■ Engineer Eudene Freyssinet performed
the first roof with folded structure in 1923
as an aircraft hanger in Orly Airport in
Paris.
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF
FOLDING
■ Load Distribution Process:
• Firstly, the external forces are transferred to the
shorter edge of one folding element.
• There, the reaction as an axial force is divided
between the adjacent elements.
• Then the forces are transferred to the bearing.
CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF FOLDED PLATES

1. Prismatic Folded Plates: These plates consist of rectangular plates.

2. Pyramidal Folded Plates: These plates consists of non-rectangular plates.
3. Prismoidal Folded Plates: These plates consists of triangular and trapezoidal.
Advantages Disadvantages

■ Very light form of construction. To ■ Shuttering is difficult.

span 30m shell thickness required is
■ Greater accuracy in formwork is
60mm only.
required.
■ The use of concrete as a building
■ Good labor and supervision
material reduces both material cost
necessary.
and a construction cost.
■ Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.
■ Longer span can be provided.
■ Aesthetically it looks good over other
forms of construction.
2) WAFFLE SLAB

 Waffle slab is a reinforced concrete roof

or floor containing square grids with deep
slides.
 This is a type of slab where we find
hollow hole in the slab when the
formwork is removed.
CONSTRUCTION
• Grids are generally limited to the interior of a slab, leaving one or two of the forms
out to create a solid fill around the supports.

• The solid fills provide the strength required for shear transfer to the supports.

• The fills also reduce the compression stresses at the soffit of the floor around the
supports, thus avoiding the necessity of bottom reinforcement in this region.
• Picture illustrate typical grid constructions using unbounded tendons.

• A light top mesh over the grid is generally the only top reinforcement at the
interior of the floor panels.
 1. Arranging the 2. Fixing the 3. Fixing the Framework 4. Providing a horizontal
Framework Connectors connector

5. Placing the Pods 6. Fixing pods to the 7. Removing framework 8. Removing

connectors connectors

9. Removing pods 10. Providing stacking

Types of grid slabs
1. Diagrid
2. Orthogonal
3. Three way grid for triangular and
hexagonal areas
ADVANTAGES
■ Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier
loads and span longer distances than
flat slabs as these systems are light in
weight.
■ It can be used as both ceiling and
floor slabs.
■ Suitable for span 7m to 16m.
DISADVANTAGES
■ The casting forms for pre-cast unit are
very costly and hence are only
economical when large scale
production of similar units are
desired.
■ It requires skilled labor.
3) SPACE FRAME

■ Space frames are truss like light weight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts
in a geometric pattern.
■ Space frames can be used to span large areas with few interior supports.
■ Space frames are strong because of flexing loads are transmitted as tension and
compression loads along the length of each struts.
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

■ If the force is applied to the blue nod, and the

red bar is not present the behavior of the
structure depends completely on the bending
rigidity of the blue nod.
■ If the red bar is present and the bending rigidity
of the blue nod is negligible compare to the
contributing rigidity of the red bar, the system
can be calculated using a rigidity matrix,
neglecting angular factors.
Types of space frames
■ According to the number of grid layers:-
1. Single Layer: All elements are located on the
surface to be approximated.
2. Double Layer: The elements are organized into
parallel layers with each other at certain distance
apart. The diagonal bars connecting the nodes
of both layers in different directions in space.
3. Triple Layer: Elements are placed in three
parallel layers linked by the diagonals. They are
almost always flat. This solution is to decrease
the diagonal members length.
CONSTRUCTION

1) Space frames may be constructed of structural steel pipes, tubing channels and W-
shapes.
2) Fabricated connectors join the members.
3) A space frame should always be supported as a panel point.