RESEARCH PAPER

ANALYSIS
Electronics and Communication

Submitted To:
Mrs. Jaswinder Kaur
Power transfer capability
of a transmission line
 Performance Equations and
Parameters of Transmission Lines
A transmission line is characterized by four parameters:

Shunt conductance
(G) due to currents
Series resistance (R)
along insulator
due to conductor
strings and corona;
resistivity
effect is small and
usually neglected

Shunt capacitance
Series inductance (C) due to the
(L) due to magnetic electric field
field surrounding between the
the conductor conductors

These are distributed parameters.

The parameters and hence the characteristics of cables differ significantly from those of
overhead lines because the conductors in a cable are:

Much closer to each other

Surrounded by metallic bodies such as shields, lead or aluminum sheets, and steel pipes

Separated by insulating material such as impregnated paper, oil, or inert gas

 Calculation of Voltage Regulation

 If receiving end voltage, line current and power factor at receiving end are known then
%Voltage Regulation = [(Vs – VR) / VR]x100 % where the value of Vs can be calculated
from equation (1).
 Calculation of Transmission Efficiency

 Power delivered at receiving end = VRICosØR

Line Loss = I2R
Therefore input power = Loss + Delivered Power
= I2R + VRICosØR
% Transmission Efficiency η = Power Delivered / Power sent
= [VRICosØR / (I2R + VRICosØR)]x100 %
VAR Demand and power relations

S stands for Apparent power

Q stands for Reactive power
P stands for Real/Active power
 • Power dissipated by a load is referred to as true
power. True power is symbolized by the letter P and is
True Power measured in the unit of Watts (W).

• Power merely absorbed and returned in load due to its

reactive properties is referred to as reactive power.
Reactive Reactive power is symbolized by the letter Q and is
Power measured in the unit of Volt-Amps-Reactive (VAR).

• Total power in an AC circuit, both dissipated and

absorbed/returned is referred to as apparent power.
Apparent Apparent power is symbolized by the letter S and is
Power measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA).

These three types of power are trigonometrically related to one another. In a right triangle, P = adjacent
length, Q = opposite length, and S = hypotenuse length. The opposite angle is equal to the circuit’s
impedance (Z) phase angle.
Limits Affecting Max. Power Transfer

THERMAL LIMITS

Limit is due to heating of conductor and hence depends heavily on ambient conditions.

For many lines, sagging is the limiting constraint.

Newer conductors/materials limit can limit sag.

Trees grow, and will eventually hit lines if they are planted under the line,

Note that thermal limit is different to the steady-state stability limit that we just calculated:

•Thermal limits due to losses,

•Steady-state stability limit applies even for lossless line!
Tree Trimming: Before Tree Trimming: After
Other Limits Affecting Power
Transfer
ANGLE LIMITS VOLTAGE STABILITY LIMITS

• While the maximum • As power transfers

power transfer (steady-
state stability limit)
occurs when the line
angle difference is 90
degrees, actual limit is
substantially less due to
interaction of multiple
lines in the system.
increase, reactive
losses increase as I2X.
As reactive power
increases the voltage
falls, resulting in a
potentially cascading
voltage collapse.
Maximum power
transfer limited by
voltage stability
 Here our aim is to find Expression for MVA,MW and limiting value of
MVAR considering voltage stability.
 Here, E is the constant generator voltage and V is the load terminal
voltage
 S is power to the load by the transmission line represented by
ABCD parameters.
 Receiving end power

 A = A<α and B= B<β Ω/ph. The short circuit sending end

power is A𝐸 2 /B . With varying values of 𝛿 for S(complex
power) two values of voltage is obtained V1,V2 for each
value of S,E and V. Normalized value of MVA,MW,MVAR by
dividing each with normalized voltage V/E. Normalized
values are S,P and Q .
• At constant ∅, increasing 𝜹 , load power S
increases and load voltage V1 also increases,
from positive values of ∅ (lagging Power
factor) V1 decreases with increasing values 𝛿
vice versa.
• MVA transfer at constant power factor
reaches a maximum value Sm.
• For critical value of voltage Vcr and critical
𝛿cr no further increase in S is possible as the
voltage decreases very rapidly.
 For given MVA and power factor,
load terminal voltages V1 and V2
can be calculated using
5,6,7,11,12 and 13 equations.
 At constant power transfer
maximum value of active power is

 The angular stability at the two

ends of the line is maintained for
𝛿 ≤ 𝛽 but from eq (5) the voltage
stability angle 𝛿cr is very low for
poor power factors.
 Eqn 6,7 and 14 confirms that
decrease in Vcr, maximum MA
and MW transfer with poor
lagging power factors but with
poor lagging p.f ( ∅ < 0) Vcr Sm
and Pm increases.
 The increasing value of reactive power is

 Keeping active power P constant Qm is maximum value of reactive

power at lagging power factor but Qm becomes minimum value of
reactive power at leading power factor. This is due to the fact that at
lower value of lagging p.f . Pm decreases but with lower leading power
Pm increases.
 If lagging VAR is assumed to be negative then Qm always denotes the
minimum value of reactive power transferred at constant P(which is
desired).
 Varying values of Qat constant P gives value of voltage pairs V1 and
V2. Which can be computed by calculating S .
 Practical case For a 275 KV, 400 Km, 50
Hz transmission line having coiistants A
=0.9 <1 and B= 140 <84 Ω/ph SV
curvesat different power factors are
shown in Figure 3. Curves showing
variation of critical voltage, maximum
MVA, MW, and limiting value of MVAR
with power factor are shown in Figure4.
Weather predicted Thermal
rating systems
 To get the maximum power transfer capability of transmission lines, the
OVERHEAD LINE system was designed.
 These systems are designed on the principle of one or more over head wires,
hence help in feeding high speed current.
 But to achieve high-speed current, it is necessary to keep the contact wire within
defined limits.
But the changes in the weather conditions do affect the
changes in the power capacity of the overhead system

The graph above shows the variation in the max power capacity in two
different seasons.
 This variation in power capacity per season is major problem in the Overhead
line systems and is big constraints in the maintenance of the power transmission
lines.
 The change in the season every time creates a change in the dimension of the
wires.
 This change in the dimensions of wires affect the thermal stability of the system.
 The sag must be cross-armed in definite geometry so as to achieve maximum
power.
 But due to change in temperature it varies a lot which is not help us to achieve
maximum power.
Earlier attempts to resolve such
problems have been made

Compact cross- Modification of

Re-tension Re-conductoring
armed Tower design
•This involves the •Re-tensioning of •It involves the •This can be done
plastic cross arm wires that wires is replacement of to reduce the
so that it get continuous existing electromagnetic
deforms tensioning of the conductors with fields or improve
accordingly with transmission line the conductors of the pollution
the wire. wires in alternative performance of
accordance to devices. the system.
the change in
weather.
 Modifications done according to
our research paper
A clear perspective of the system design is taken according four different grouped
data that are:-
 Overhead line data, weather data, conductor data and operational data has
been taken into account.
 Further these data are involved into different calculations so as to get desired
result of the overhead line.
 These computations are involved into three different levels and are performed
separately at first and the linked together to get the final result.
 The first step involved
then was to calculate Then the computations
the mechanical are involved within the
computation so as to electrical level, so as to
further calculate the determine the AC
conductor sag resistance.
requirements.

The third and the final step is the

calculation of ageing of the wires
that is the long term plastic
elongation of wires on the day to
day basis.

These three steps help in performing the final conditions of the whole OHL system that is conductor
ampacity, conductor sag.
Uprating of Existing Lines
Three Types of Uprating

Current
Uprating

Voltage
Uprating

Power
Uprating
 Current Uprating

 In order to evaluate the potential benefits of re-conductoring an OHL system, a

holistic computational methodology is used. This allows sag, ampacity and
tension calculations to be carried out while considering the electromechanical
properties of the system.
 The implementation of this methodology allows a comparative analysis of the
performance of the chosen conductors, under the current specifications and
with the hypothetical application of composite cross-arms.
 Continued..

 Conductor sag and its clearance to the ground depend on the OHL
system structure, the conductor electrical and mechanical properties, the
environment, and operating conditions.
 The critical operating conditions that develop the maximum sag are the
maximum mechanical and electrical loading, one of which influences the
designed minimum clearance to the ground and consequently, the
power rating of the system.
 The maximum mechanical loading occurs at the designed maximum
weather loading of the structure and defines the development of the
maximum conductor tension (MCT).
 The methodology summarized in the flowchart of Fig. (a) emphases the key
electromechanical elements that influence a conductor’s sag and
ampacity calculations.
 A holistic perspective of the system performance is taken by considering
four different groups of data together for the calculations:

DATA

OVERHEAD
LINE DATA

WEATHER CONDUCTOR OPERATIONAL

DATA DATA DATA
Fig.(a)Flowchart of power rating computations of OHL
 Voltage Uprating

 Any voltage uprating case study requires determining the new voltage level
which the circuit will reliably sustain. This voltage level may be limited by one or
more of the following factors, which guide the feasibility of each case. These are
of following types:
a) Clearance to the ground
b) Insulation at the tower (both the clearance to the tower and the insulator
length)
c) Electrical gradient on the conductor surface
d) Electrical gradient on the earth’s surface.
 Voltage Uprating(Continued…)

 But according to insulation co-ordination study, Voltage Uprating is not feasible

due to the fact that the voltage level on the existing system cannot be further
increased without changing the current common practice (i.e. without altering
the k1 factor).
 Power Uprating with Existing System

 The only way to increase its power transfer capacity is by reconductoring.

 The system is also governed by strength limitations which makes heavy
conductors inappropriate for installation.
 The two illustrative case studies chosen for this investigation involve the
conductor that is already installed on the system (LYNX) and a novel composite
ACCR conductor .
 Example

 Plots of ampacity and sag per conductor at different operating temperatures for
three different conductor installation conditions. The plot of initial condition does
not consider any creep.
 “Final” indicates the conductor sag after 10 years in operation including creep.
“Final O-T” results include an over tensioning of the conductor at installation time
and represents the sag values with 10 years creep.
 The vertical dotted lines in the figures denote the 12.2 m maximum permitted sag
of this structure, which consequently defines the maximum permitted operating
temperatures for this system.
Fig. Plots of ampacity and sag for different temperatures for ACSR and
ACCR conductors.
 RESULT

 Therefore, when using the new composite conductor the increase of power
achieved for the same system is approximately 25%.
 Another implication of these results is that although the novel conductor can
operate continuously at 2100°C the structure does not permit operation above
1000°C as this will infringe the minimum safety clearance to the ground.
 Power Uprating with Hypothesised
System

 When using composite cross-arms, clearances are increased towards the tower
as well as to the ground. This, therefore, allows for voltage uprating to 400 kV and
increase of the power transfer capability of the OHL system.
 Fig. 2 shows the plots of percentage in ampacity increase and sag per
conductor at different operating temperatures for the three different conductor
installation conditions (defined as before).
 The origin of the plots (zero point) indicates the maximum permitted sag and
ampacity of the existing 275 kV system, for each installation condition.
 Fig 2. Plots of additional ampacity and sag for different
temperatures, under the modified system, for ACSR and ACCR
conductors.
 RESULT

 The new system with composite cross-arms allows LYNX to operate at 100 °C with
an approximate 20% increase in ampacity without infringing the clearance to
the ground for both voltage levels.
 It also appears that this conductor can operate up to 146 °C (for the over
tensioned case on the uprated system) without infringing the ground clearance,
however it is unrealistic to operate LYNX at temperatures above 100 °C due to
annealing mechanisms that damage the conductor
 CONCLUSION

 It allows voltage uprating to 400 kV without infringing the required clearances to

the tower and ground that dominate the design.
 It permits the utilization of the elevated temperature operation capabilities of the
novel HTLS conductors, which cannot be realized with the existing system.
 Benefit of this structure is that there is no swing angle and hence the k1 factor is
not included in the calculations at the point of tower.
 This simplifies the insulation coordination study at the tower level by eliminating
this quite arbitrary factor which is used for the reduction of clearances at the
maximum swing angle.
 CONCLUSION…

 The use of novel technologies can provide power uprating of up to almost 150%
compared to the existing capability.
 Even when voltage uprating is not an option for the operator a simple increase
of maximum conductor operating temperature is feasible due to increase in
maximum permitted sag.
 CONCLUSION…

 Power transfer capacity is limited due to thermal, angular stability and voltage
stability considerations.
 There are various new technology options available now to enhance thermal
limits of existing transmission lines and adoption of such options would facilitate
conservation of right of way, reduced environmental impact and reduction in
construction time.
 Increase in power flow would be associated with increase in transmission losses.
Therefore, before taking decision, various aspects like cost-benefit, conservation
of Right-of-Way etc. need to be considered.
 References

 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3212481_Power_Transfer_
Capability_of_Transmission_Line_Limited_by_Voltage_Stability_Simple
_Analytical_Expressions

 http://www.engpaper.com/power-transfer-capability-of-
transmission-line-research-papers-11.htm
Contribution

• Anirudh Gupta -101606024

• Anisha Kochhar -101606025
• Ankit Garg -101606026
• Ankit Kumar -101606027
• Anmol Khurana -101606029
• Anshu Jindal -101606032

THANK YOU