ADVANCED FLUID

MECHANICS(ME 522)
FINAL REPORT

Submitted By: REVATHI PUTREVU

UMID: 67989377
Email: rputrevu@umich.edu
TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH A PIPE
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Problem 6:
An incompressible fluid from a large reservoir flows into a long pipe with diameter
D = 10cm and 20cm (choose 1 value ). Fluid flow velocity is U0. Assume the pipe
boundary wall thickness at entry to be zero.
• Estimate the necessary pipe length for establishing a parabolic velocity profile in
the pipe
• Find fluid flow field or velocity vector and pressure drop in the pipe (to be
verified with theoretical values)

U = 1m/s and 100 m/s

0 D = 10cm and 20 cm
INTRODUCTION
• Fluid flow through pipes classified as external or internal
• External: flow is forced over the surface
• Internal: fluid inside a conduit and primarily driven by a pressure difference
• Flow characteristics
• Laminar Flow: characterized by smooth streamlines and highly ordered flow
• Turbulent Flow: characterized by velocity fluctuations and highly disordered
motion
• Transition: Flow fluctuates between laminar and turbulent before it becomes
fully turbulent
DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER IN DETERMINING FLOW REGIME

Flow regime depends on ratio of inertial forces to the viscous forces in

a fluid, called the Reynolds Number

Vavg - average flow velocity (m/s),

D - characteristic length of the geometry (diameter in this case, in m),
µ - dynamic viscosity of the fluid in (N.sec/m2)
CRITICAL REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR FLOW REGIME

For flow inside a circular pipe,

Laminar: Re ≤ 2300
Transition: 2300 ≤ Re ≤4000
Turbulent: Re ≥ 4000
To determine the nature of the flow for the given problem, the
Reynolds number based on hydraulic diameter is calculated as below:

CASE 1: D= 20cm, U0 = 1m/s

The properties of water (taken at 1 atm and 20°C) are
Density= 998.2 kg/m3, Viscosity µ = 0.001002 N.sec/m2

Re = 998.2*1*0.2 = 199243.513 > 4000 ( turbulent)

0.001002

The flow inside the pipe is turbulent

DETERMINING THE ENTRY LENGTH FOR TURBULENT FLOW
• The hydrodynamic entry length for turbulent flow can be approximated as

• In practice, entrance effects become negligible for pipe length of 10 diameters

and can be approximated as
L h, turbulent ≈ 10D
The length of the pipe for obtaining a parabolic velocity profile is calculated as
L h, turbulent = 1.359*0.2*(199243.513)˄(0.25) = 5.742 m
Length of the pipe is taken as ≈ 7m
GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF PIPE IN ANSYS SPACE CLAIM
Case 1: D= 20cm, U0= 1m/s
PIPE WALLS

FLUID FLUID
INLET OUTLET

PIPE LENGTH = 700cm

MESHING OF FLUID IN ANSYS MESH

WIREFRAME VIEW OF THE MESH WITH INFALTION NEAR THE PIPE WALLS
MESH DETAILS
SETUP IN ANSYS FLUENT

• Energy Equation on, K-ɛ- RNG-Enhanced

Wall Treatment
• Materials
Fluid- Water-ρ = 998.2 kg/m^3, Viscosity
µ = 0.001002 N.sec/m2
• Cell Zone Conditions
Water ,operating density ρ = 998.2
kg/m^3
• Boundary Conditions:
- Inlet- Velocity Inlet with 2 %
turbulence intensity and inlet velocity-
1m/s
- Outlet- Pressure Outlet with 5%
turbulence intensity
-Pipe- Wall- No slip condition
SOLUTION INITIALIZATION IN ANSYS FLUENT

Solution Initialization from Inlet with velocity of 1m/s

RESULTS IN CFD POST
SOLUTION CONVERGENCE RESIDUAL REPORT
VELOCITY VECTORS
Velocity Magnitude(m/s)

50cm 100cm 150cm 200cm 250cm 300cm 350cm 400cm 450cm 500cm 550cm 600cm 650cm

FULLY
HYDRODYNAMIC ENTRY LENGTH DEVELOPED
REGION

VELOCITY VECTORS PLOTTED ALONG THE PIPE LENGTH(CM)

PIPE DIAMETER (m) VELOCITY CHART
PRESSURE CONTOURS

Maximum Pressure at Minimum Pressure at

FLUID INLET FLUID OUTLET

VARIATION OF PRESSURE ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE PIPE

 PRESSURE CHART
PIPE DIAMETER (m)

PRESSURE VARIATION ALONG THE PIPE LENGTH

CASE 2: D= 20cm, U0 = 100m/s
The properties of water (taken at 1 atm and 20°C) are
Density= 998.2 kg/m3, Viscosity µ = 0.001002 N.sec/m2

Re = 998.2*100*0.2 = 19924151.7 > 4000 ( turbulent)

0.001002

The flow inside the pipe is turbulent

ENTRY LENGTH FOR TURBULENT FLOW
CASE 2: D= 20cm, U0= 100m/s

The length of the pipe for obtaining a parabolic velocity profile is calculated as
L h, turbulent = 1.359*0.2*(19924151.7)˄(0.25) = 18.159 m
Length of the pipe is taken as ≈ 20m
 GEOMETRIC MODELLING OF PIPE IN ANSYS SPACE CLAIM
Case 2: D= 20cm, U0= 100m/s
PIPE WALLS

FLUID FLUID
INLET OUTLET

PIPE LENGTH = 2000cm

VELOCITY VECTORS
Velocity Magnitude(m/s)

100cm 300cm 500cm 700cm 900cm 1100cm 1500cm 1800cm 1900cm

HYDRODYNAMIC ENTRY LENGTH FULLY DEVELOPED REGION

VELOCITY VECTORS PLOTTED ALONG THE

PIPE LENGTH(CM)
PIPE DIAMETER (m)
VELOCITY CHART
PRESSURE CONTOURS

Maximum Pressure at Minimum Pressure

FLUID INLET at FLUID OUTLET

VARIATION OF PRESSURE ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE PIPE

PIPE DIAMETER (m)

PRESSURE CHART
CALCULATIONS

CASE 1: D= 20cm, U0 = 1m/s, Re = 199243.513

Approximate explicit relationship for Darcy friction factor can be calculated from Haaland
equation given by

For smooth pipes, ɛ =0 (roughness factor)

The value of friction factor for U0= 1m/s, Re= 199243.513 and D= 20cm is f ≈ 0.01551
CALCULATIONS(Cont’d):

The Pressure loss through circular pipe(smooth) is calculated as

Case 1: For L= 700cm, D= 20cm , V= 1m/s

ΔPL = (0.01551)(7/0.2)(0.5*998.2*1*1) = 270.93 Pa
From simulation, ΔPL = 321.3 Pa
Maximum Velocity Calculation:
Maximum velocity is at centerline r=0 and calculated from the power law
velocity profile as

Alternate expression for maximum velocity:

Source: http://www.itcmp.pwr.wroc.pl/~znmp/dydaktyka/fundam_FM/Lecture_no3_Turbulent_flow_Modelling.pdf
CALCULATIONS(Cont’d):
Case 1:
The maximum velocity with f = 0.01551 and V= 1m/s is Umax = 1.1656 m/s
The maximum velocity from Simulation is Umax= 1.192m/s

Friction Factor from Simulation Results:

From simulation, ΔPL = 321.3 Pa and L= 700cm, D=20cm, V= 1m/s

The Darcy friction factor can be calculated from the pressure loss formula

Friction factor from simulation is f≈ 0.01839

CALCULATIONS (cont’d)

CASE 2: D= 20cm, U0= 100m/s , Re = 19924151.7

Approximate explicit relationship for Darcy friction factor can be calculated from Haaland
equation given by

For smooth pipes, ɛ =0 (roughness factor)

The value of friction factor for U0= 100m/s, Re= 19924151.7 and D= 20cm is f ≈ 0.00739
CALCULATIONS(Cont’d):
The Pressure loss through circular pipe(smooth) is calculated as

Case 2: For L= 2000cm, D=20cm, V= 100m/s

ΔPL = (0.00739)(20/0.2)(0.5*998.2*100*100) = 3.688MPa (3688349 Pa)
From simulation, ΔPL = 7 MPa
CALCULATIONS(Cont’d):
Case 2:
The maximum velocity with f = 0.00739 and V= 100m/s is
Umax = 111.43 m/s
The maximum velocity from Simulation is Umax= 114.625m/s

From simulation, ΔPL = 7MPa and L= 2000cm, D=20cm, V= 100m/s

The Darcy friction factor can be calculated from the pressure loss formula

Friction factor from simulation is f≈ 0.01402

RESULT TABLE
Input Velocity Theoretical Maximum Velocity from Theoretical Pressure Loss Darcy Friction Friction
U0(m/s) Maximum Simulation (m/s) Pressure from factor factor from
Velocity(m/s) Loss(Pa) Simulation(Pa) (theoretical) Simulation

1 1.1656 1.192 270.93 321.3 0.01551 0.01839

100 111.43 114.625 3.688*10^6 7*10^6 0.00739 0.01402

Table 1: Comparison of theoretical and simulation values of maximum velocity and pressure loss
CONCLUSION
Case 1: D= 20cm, L= 700cm, U0 = 1m/s, Re = 199243.513
• The theoretical maximum velocity is about 1.02 times that obtained from simulation
• The pressure loss from theoretical formulation is about 1.18 times that obtained from
simulation
• Darcy friction factor is 1.18 times the friction factor from simulation
• The velocity profile varies till 550 cm (hydrodynamic entry length) and remains invariant
in the fully developed region
• Velocity profile is approximately parabolic and becomes flatter with a sharp drop near
wall
Case 2: D= 20cm, U0 = 100m/s, Re = 19924151.7
• The theoretical maximum velocity is about 1.02 times that obtained from simulation
• The pressure loss from theoretical formulation is about 1.89 times that obtained from
simulation
• Darcy friction factor is 1.89 times the friction factor from simulation
• The hydrodynamic entry effects are negligible(since the pipe is very long) and hence
velocity profile is almost invariant for the entire pipe length
THANK YOU