ASSIGNMENT 1 : PRESENTATION

DATE : 29 MAY 2019

NAME : VIKNESHWARAN A/L KELUAN SINGH

COURSE : CONTROL SYSTEM AUTOMATION

PROGRAM : MASTER OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURER : DR. NUR AMALINA BINTI MUSA , Phd

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HISTROY OF CONTROL SYSTEM
 Control systems are closely related with the ideology of automation. The basic types of control
systems, feedforward and feedback have classic ancestry. The theory was discovered by Joseph Jacquard from
France during 1801.It was an early example of feedforward. (Gloria Lotha. . Control System Toolbox 2013; ():) )
 The initial theoretical analysis of a control system, which presented a differential-equation model of the Watt
governor, was published by James Clerk Maxwell the Scottish physicist, during the 19th century.
 Maxwell’s research was soon recognized and the control theory developed by a numerous contributions,
including a important research of the automatic steering system for the U.S. battleship “New Mexico,” published
in 1922.
 During 1930s the improvement of electrical feedback on long-distance telephone amplifiers which known as
general theory of servomechanism, where a small amount of power controls a huge feedback amount and makes
automatic rectifications.
 The pneumatic controller, fundamental to the development of early automated systems for the chemical and
petroleum industries, along with the analogue computer .
 Entire developments formed the basis for elaboration of control-system theory and applications during World War
II, such as anti-aircraft batteries and fire-control systems.
Source: ://www.britannica.com/technology/control-system. (Accessed)

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SPEED CONTROL SYSTEM OF A MOVING VEHICLE

Figure 1.0: Shows a hydraulic system of vehicle braking process

 The main function of a vehicle braking process is to achieve rest motion or slow down a moving vehicle.
 As the brake pedal is pressed according to the figure above, the hydraulic pressure flows to the piston at the brake caliper
of the brakes.
 The applied pressure forces the brake pads against the brake rotor, which actually rotates along the wheel.
 The friction occurs between the brake pad and the rotor causes the wheel to reduce the speed or slow down and then
achieves rest motion.
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CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

1) Applies a feedback control system

3) The actuating error signal known as the

2) Results is based on Output vs
Closed Loop difference between input signal vs output
Reference input
System signal

4) Function of output signal is fed to the controller to

reduce the error and produce a desired value

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EXAMPLE OF CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM

Fig1.1 : Shows a transducer is scanning Fig 1.2 : Shows the cross-section after Fig 1.3 : Shows the waveform after
a piece of transistor scanning process the reliability test

 The machine is called as scanning electron machine which regularly used in electronics industry to evaluate the reliability of
the manufactured component.
 The control system applied by this machine is closed loop control where it functions by feedback control system.
 Initially the transducer acts as optic sensor to detect and scan the components in order to produce the cross-section of the
components. The input signals such as position of the transducer is set along with suitable range of coordinates in order to
capture the clear image.
 As a result of scanning, a feedback in the form of waveform is produced to determine the reliability of the component. The
waveform is improved by increasing amplitude , incoming signals and also frequency.
 Through this, the feedback of the tested result will be improved with reduction of errors and achieves similarly to the actual
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results.
OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

1) Applies a non feedback control

system

2) Output has no effect on reference 3) The system is purely based on time and
Open loop
input situation
system

4) Accuracy of the system is depending on the efficiency

of the machine. (Example : Calibration , Maintenance)

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EXAMPLE OF OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

Fig1.4 : Shows a reading of Fig1.5 : Shows a metal undergoing heat Fig1.6 : Shows a the changes of
temperature treatment in a furnace microstructure of metal
 The machine is called as heat treatment furnace which regularly used in raw materials industry to evaluate the mechanical
properties.
 The control system applied by this machine is open loop control where it functions based on time basis using a temperature
sensor.
 Initially a time-temperature graph is plotted to set the range of minimum and maximum heating values and constant heating
period to observe the effects on the metal upon experiment.
 As a result of the process, the output is not similar with the input or initial condition results of the metal before heating. The
results obtained is purely based on the effect caused by the experiment.
 The efficiency or accuracy of the result produced by this machine is based on the calibration process carried out after
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utilising numerous time . Additionally, this is a simple designed machined which also ease the maintenance.
DESIGN PROCEDURES OF CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

Fig 1.7: Shows the basic block diagram of closed loop system Fig 1.8: Shows the block diagram of closed loop system
with an output (feedback) generated.
 C(s) indicates the output , whereas R(s) indicates the input or reference.
 Summing point delivers the input to branch point.
 The output of the block C(s) is the result of multiplication of G(s) known as transfer function with E(s).
 The output signal has a dimension value which need to be converted to a force or position or voltage before
it can be compared with the input signal.
 In most cases the feedback element is a sensor that measures the output of the plant. The output of the
sensor is compared with the system input, and the actuating error signal is generated.
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DESIGN PROCEDURES OF OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

Fig: 1.9: Shows the block diagram of a open-loop control system

 In systems which the output is non effective on the control action are called open-loop control systems.
Besides, for an open-loop control system the output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison with
the input.
 For any open-loop control system the output is not compared with the reference input.
 Due to existing disturbances, an open-loop control system fail to perform the desired task.
 Open-loop control is only possible if the relationship between the input and output is known and if there are
neither internal nor external disturbances.
 Proven that, such systems are not feedback control oriented. Any control system that executed on a time
basis is defined as open loop.
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REFERENCES
1. Katushiko Ogata. Modern Control Engineering, 5th ed.:;.
2. Gloria Lotha. . Control System Toolbox 2013; ():
3. https://www.britannica.com/technology/control-system. (Accessed).

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