MORNING A Presentation ON PROBLEM DEFINATION & HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
Presented By: Presented To:
Group: ‘B’ PRINCIPLE/LECTURER: Subject: BUSINESS RESEARCH ER.SHANKHAR NARAYAN ADHIKARI Content 1. Review to Research 2. Concept of Research Problem 3. Steps in Problem Formulation 4. Characteristics of Welled Formulated Problem 5. Consideration while selecting Research problem 6. Research Question 7. Types of Research Question - Descriptive - Relational - Casual / Cause and Effect 8. Concept of Hypothesis 9. Importance of hypothesis 10. Nature of Hypothesis 11. Types of Hypothesis - Relational and Correlational Hypothesis - Explanatory or Casual Hypothesis - Directional and Non Directional Hypothesis - Null And Alternative hypothesis 11. Roles of Hypothesis in Research 12. Criteria of good Hypothesis 13. Errors in Hypothesis Review To Research
Systematic Inquiry to describe, explain, predict and
control the phenomena. Systematized effort of gaining new knowledge. Involves three main stages - Planning - Data Collection - Analysis Concept Of Research Problem Statement about an area of concern, difficulty to be eliminated. Situation that need a solution. Generates questions which the research aims to answer. Identifies your direction. If wrong problem is defined, then rest of research is completely useless. Steps In Problem Formulation 1. Identifying board problem area. 2. Divide the subject area into sub areas. 3. Decide about an area 4. Raise research questions. 5. Defining problem. 6. Defining about the objective. 7. Double check. Characteristics Of Well Formulated Problem Raise a question about relation between variables. Relationship between variables should be explained. Should suggest a method of researching. Should also reflect cause and effect. Consideration While Selecting Research Problem Interest Appropriateness Current Issue Study limitation Practical Issue Concept Of Research Questions Identifies factor to be studied Critical core of research project Identifies the factor to be studied Considered the most critical to the source of any research. Types Of Research Questions 1. Descriptive Question - questions that are design to describe what is going on or the existing position of event. - Eg: What is the level of stress of employees of Nepalese Commercial Bank
2. Observational and Relational Question
- questions that are designed to know the relation between two or more than two variables. (Dependent and independent) - Eg: relationship between political event and stock price in Nepal. Types Of Research Questions
3. Casual or Caused and effect question
- Questions that are designed to determine the effect of one or more cause to one or more variables. - Eg: Do the performance of employee increases after the increment of salary. Concept Of Hypothesis Logical step after theory formulation is to develop hypothesis Provides direction for your research Proposes relationship between two or more variables. Testable statement which is used to provide exact solution Logically eliminated relationship between variables Importance Of Good Hypothesis Development of Research technique Selecting required fact Provides direction to research save time, money and energy Helps to proper data correction Proper conclusion Concludes true or false Nature Of Hypothesis Can be tested Are not moral and ethical questions Neither to specific nor to special Prediction of consequences Considered valuable even if proven wrong Types Of Hypothesis 1. Descriptive Hypothesis - shows the existence, size, type of variables - cannot present the relationship about variables - contains only one variable For example: what is the extent of budget difficulties in Pokhara University 2. Relational Hypothesis - describes the relationship between two or more variables - Types Of Hypothesis 2. Relational Hypothesis - describes the relationship between two or more variables - are of two types: i. Correlational Hypothesis - state that variables occur together in a some specified manner without implying that one cause to other. - eg: increase the income of people, increases the market demand. ii. Explanatory or Casual Hypothesis - Hypothesis which is formulated based on the assumptions that change in one variables change to other variable. - eg: sharing companies problem to employee leads to favorable attitude. Types Of Hypothesis 3. Directional and Non- Directional - Formulated for comparing two variables such as like, dislike. - shows direction of relationship two variables. - required one tailed test - eg: an employee with more salary in the same organization has more job commitment towards organization
- formulated when there is no clues available about the positive
and negative relationship between two variables. - required two tailed test - eg: Difference between work attitude of industrial and agricultural employee Types Of Hypothesis 4. Null and Alternative Hypothesis - the hypothesis which tells us no significant relationship between the variables. whereas - opposite to null hypothesis which shows the significant relationship between variables. Setting the Hypothesis Null hypothesis(Ho):- there is no significant relationship between variables. Alternative Hypothesis(H1):- there is significant relationship between variables. Roles Of Hypothesis In Research Focus on the area Directs for data needs Directs for analysis tools Basis of empirical testing Increase validity Aids in theorization Criteria Of Good Hypothesis Should be stated in declared form Should be testable empirically Should be limited in scope Should be clearly and precisely stated Should reflect a guess at a solution or outcome to a problem The context and study units must be clear Error In Hypothesis 1. Type one error - error take place when researcher reject hypothesis due to rejection of statistical tool even through it is correct .
2. Type two error
- error take place when researcher accept hypothesis even through it is wrong due to acceptance of statistical tools ANY QUESTIONS? THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONH