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GOOD

MORNING
A
Presentation
ON
PROBLEM DEFINATION
&
HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION

Presented By: Presented To:


Group: ‘B’ PRINCIPLE/LECTURER:
Subject: BUSINESS RESEARCH ER.SHANKHAR NARAYAN ADHIKARI
Content
1. Review to Research
2. Concept of Research Problem
3. Steps in Problem Formulation
4. Characteristics of Welled Formulated Problem
5. Consideration while selecting Research problem
6. Research Question
7. Types of Research Question
- Descriptive
- Relational
- Casual / Cause and Effect
8. Concept of Hypothesis
9. Importance of hypothesis
10. Nature of Hypothesis
11. Types of Hypothesis
- Relational and Correlational Hypothesis
- Explanatory or Casual Hypothesis
- Directional and Non Directional Hypothesis
- Null And Alternative hypothesis
11. Roles of Hypothesis in Research
12. Criteria of good Hypothesis
13. Errors in Hypothesis
Review To Research

 Systematic Inquiry to describe, explain, predict and


control the phenomena.
 Systematized effort of gaining new knowledge.
 Involves three main stages
- Planning
- Data Collection
- Analysis
Concept Of Research Problem
 Statement about an area of concern, difficulty to be
eliminated.
 Situation that need a solution.
 Generates questions which the research aims to answer.
 Identifies your direction.
 If wrong problem is defined, then rest of research is
completely useless.
Steps In Problem Formulation
1. Identifying board problem area.
2. Divide the subject area into sub areas.
3. Decide about an area
4. Raise research questions.
5. Defining problem.
6. Defining about the objective.
7. Double check.
Characteristics Of Well Formulated
Problem
Raise a question about relation between variables.
Relationship between variables should be explained.
Should suggest a method of researching.
Should also reflect cause and effect.
Consideration While Selecting
Research Problem
 Interest
 Appropriateness
 Current Issue
 Study limitation
 Practical Issue
Concept Of Research Questions
 Identifies factor to be studied
 Critical core of research project
 Identifies the factor to be studied
 Considered the most critical to the source of
any research.
Types Of Research Questions
1. Descriptive Question
- questions that are design to describe what is
going on or the existing position of event.
- Eg: What is the level of stress of employees of
Nepalese Commercial Bank

2. Observational and Relational Question


- questions that are designed to know the
relation between two or more than two variables.
(Dependent and independent)
- Eg: relationship between political event and
stock price in Nepal.
Types Of Research Questions

3. Casual or Caused and effect question


- Questions that are designed to determine
the effect of one or more cause to one or more
variables.
- Eg: Do the performance of employee
increases after the increment of salary.
Concept Of Hypothesis
Logical step after theory formulation is to
develop hypothesis
Provides direction for your research
Proposes relationship between two or more
variables.
Testable statement which is used to provide
exact solution
Logically eliminated relationship between
variables
Importance Of Good Hypothesis
 Development of Research technique
 Selecting required fact
 Provides direction to research
 save time, money and energy
 Helps to proper data correction
 Proper conclusion
 Concludes true or false
Nature Of Hypothesis
Can be tested
Are not moral and ethical questions
Neither to specific nor to special
Prediction of consequences
Considered valuable even if proven wrong
Types Of Hypothesis
1. Descriptive Hypothesis
- shows the existence, size, type of variables
- cannot present the relationship about variables
- contains only one variable
For example: what is the extent of budget difficulties in
Pokhara University
2. Relational Hypothesis
- describes the relationship between two or more variables
-
Types Of Hypothesis
2. Relational Hypothesis
- describes the relationship between two or more variables
- are of two types:
i. Correlational Hypothesis
- state that variables occur together in a some specified manner
without implying that one cause to other.
- eg: increase the income of people, increases the market
demand.
ii. Explanatory or Casual Hypothesis
- Hypothesis which is formulated based on the assumptions
that change in one variables change to other variable.
- eg: sharing companies problem to employee leads to
favorable attitude.
Types Of Hypothesis
3. Directional and Non- Directional
- Formulated for comparing two variables such as like, dislike.
- shows direction of relationship two variables.
- required one tailed test
- eg: an employee with more salary in the same organization
has more job commitment towards organization

- formulated when there is no clues available about the positive


and negative relationship between two variables.
- required two tailed test
- eg: Difference between work attitude of industrial and
agricultural employee
Types Of Hypothesis
4. Null and Alternative Hypothesis
- the hypothesis which tells us no significant relationship
between the variables.
whereas
- opposite to null hypothesis which shows the significant
relationship between variables.
Setting the Hypothesis
Null hypothesis(Ho):- there is no significant relationship
between variables.
Alternative Hypothesis(H1):- there is significant relationship
between variables.
Roles Of Hypothesis In Research
 Focus on the area
 Directs for data needs
 Directs for analysis tools
 Basis of empirical testing
 Increase validity
 Aids in theorization
Criteria Of Good Hypothesis
Should be stated in declared form
Should be testable empirically
Should be limited in scope
Should be clearly and precisely stated
Should reflect a guess at a solution or outcome
to a problem
The context and study units must be clear
Error In Hypothesis
1. Type one error
- error take place when researcher reject
hypothesis due to rejection of statistical tool
even through it is correct .

2. Type two error


- error take place when researcher accept
hypothesis even through it is wrong due to
acceptance of statistical tools
ANY
QUESTIONS?
THANK
YOU
FOR
YOUR
ATTENTIONH

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