STRENGTH OF MATERIALS-I

Lecture-10
Combined stresses
 Combined Stresses
INTRODUCTION:
So far we have studied three main types of
loadings namely axial, torsional and
flexural/shear. Each of these loadings
have been assumed to act separately on
the structure. Though in practical
examples, we can see that the structure is
loaded simultaneously with all these
loadings and has to be strong enough to
resist these forces.
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Combined Axial and Flexural Loads:

Figure 10-1
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Combined Axial and Flexural Loads:
The simply supported beam in figure
carries a concentrated load Q. the
supports are hinged to the beam at its
centroidal surface. At point A, the flexural
stress is tensile and acts normal to
the surface of cross-section. The force
exerted on the element A is
If the same beam is loaded with an axial
load P, the axial stresses are uniformly
distributed across any transverse section.
 Combined Stresses
The magnitude of such axial stress will be
tensile and directed normal to the
cross section. The force exerted on the
element at A is
If both loads act simultaneously on the
beam, the resultant stress at A is equal to
the superposition of the two separate
effects. Thus the resultant force at A is a
vector sum of the collinear forces and
. So the resultant stress at A will be
directed normal to cross-section
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Similarly, at point B in same section at
distance y from neutral axis, the resultant
stress is the difference between the axial
and the flexural stresses.
Therefore the resultant stress at any point
in beam can be written as
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Kern of a Section:
A special case of combined axial and
flexural loads is illustrated in figure 10-2a.
A short strut carries a compressive load P
applied with an eccentricity e along one of
the principal axis of the section. The
addition of a pair of forces P1 and P2, each
of magnitude P and acting at centroid of
the section, causes an equivalent loading
as shown in figure 10-2b.
Combined Stresses

Figure 10-2
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The stresses across any typical section m-
n are the result of superposition of the
direct compressive stress (figure 10-2c)
and the flexural stress (figure 10-2d). It
can be observed that if axial compressive
stress is greater than or equal to flexural
stress, there will be no tension in the
beam. If the beam has a rectangular
section of dimensions b and h, and if axial
compressive force is equal to flexural fore;
 Combined Stresses
If the beam has a rectangular section of
dimensions b and h, and if axial
compressive force is equal to flexural fore;
therefore,

The maximum eccentricity to avoid tension

is thus
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From this, we can say that in case to avoid
tension in any cross-section compressive
load should be applied in middle third
portion of the cross-section. This portion
of the cross-section is termed as kern of a
section.
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Problem Statement: A force of 150 lb is
applied to the edge of the member shown
in Fig. 10-3a. Neglect the weight of the
member and determine the state of stress
at points B and C.
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Solution:
Internal Loadings. The member is sectioned
through Band C. For equilibrium at the
section there must be an axial force of 150
lb acting through the centroid and a
bending moment of about the centroidal
or principal axis
 Combined Stresses
Stress Components.
Normal Force. The uniform normal-stress
distribution due to the normal force is
shown in Fig. 10-3c. Here
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Bending Moment. The normal-stress
distribution due to the bending moment is
shown in Fig. 10-2d. The maximum stress
is
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Superposition. If the above normal-stress
distributions are added algebraically, the
resultant stress distribution is shown in
Fig. 10-3e
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Problem Statement: The member shown in
Fig. 10-4a has a rectangular cross section.
Determine the state of stress that the
loading produces at point C.
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Problem Statement: The member shown in
Fig. 10-4a has a rectangular cross section.
Determine the state of stress that the
loading produces at point C.
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SOLUTION
Internal Loadings. The support reactions on
the member have been determined and
are shown in Fig. 10-4b.
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If the left segment AC of the member is
considered, Fig. 10-4c, the resultant
internal loadings at the section consist of a
normal force, a shear force, and a bending
moment. Solving
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Stress Components.
Normal Force. The uniform normal-stress
distribution acting over the cross section is
produced by the normal force, Fig. 10-4d.
At point C
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Shear Force. Here the area A’=0, since point
C is located at the top of the member.
Thus Q=ӯ’A’=0 and for C, Fig. 10-4e, the
shear stress
Bending Moment. Point C is located
at y=c=0.125m from the neutral
axis, so the normal stress at C,
Fig. 10-4f,is
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Superposition: Adding the stresses
determined above gives a compressive
stress at C having a value of
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Problem Statement: A concrete dam has the
profile shown in fig 10-5a. If the density of
concrete is 1500 kg/m3 and that of water is
1000kg/m3. Determine the maximum
compressive stress on section m-n if the
depth of water behind the dam is 15m.
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Solution:
Internal Loadings: The concrete weight will
act through dam’s centroid and water
pressure will gradually increase with depth
Thus for concrete, centroid will be

And area will be

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Weight of concrete (Axial Force) will be

Water pressure will be

Therefore, water force for unit length of dam

will be
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Section m-n:
Axial force will be 3500kN and
bending moment will be
produced due to water
pressure and also due to
eccentricity of axial force.
Axial Stress:
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Bending Stresses:

Superposition: