Integral & differential

form of energy equations

in rectangular coordinates

Presented by
Paramjit
Contents

• Integral Equation of Energy

• Differential Equation of Energy

Reynolds transport theorem

𝑑(𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠) 𝑑
= (‫ ׬‬β ρ 𝑑𝑉′ ) + ‫ 𝑆𝐶׬‬β ρ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉

Where
B = any property of the fluid
β = amount of B per unit mass in any small element of the fluid

‫ 𝑆𝐶׬‬β ρ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = Flux terms

 Integral form of energy equation

(a) an elemental area dA on the surface

(b) the incremental volume swept through dA equals V dt dA cosθ
Assumptions

• Internal sources of heat that might occur during a chemical or

nuclear reaction are neglected.

• Work such as due to electromagnetic forces are neglected.

Applying reynolds transport theorem to first law of thermodynamics

ሶ 𝑑𝐸
ሶ 𝑊=
𝑄–
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
ሶ 𝑊ሶ =
𝑄– (‫𝑒 𝑉𝐶׬‬ρ 𝑑𝑉′) + ‫𝑒 𝑆𝐶׬‬ρ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 …(a)
𝑑𝑡

The system energy per unit mass e ,

e = eint + ekin + epot

1
e = 𝑢ො + V2 + gz … (b)
2
work can be written as,
𝑊ሶ = 𝑊ሶ shaft + 𝑊ሶ press + 𝑊ሶ viscous stresses

The pressure work equals the pressure force on a small surface

element dA times the normal velocity component into the control
volume
d𝑊ሶ p = - (p dA) Vn,in = - p(- V . n) dA

The total pressure work is the integral over the control surface
𝑊pሶ = ‫ 𝑉 (𝑝 𝑠𝑐 ׬‬. 𝑛) dA

the shear work due to viscous stresses occurs at the control surface
and consists of the product of each viscous stress (one normal and two
tangential) and the respective velocity component
 ሶ = - τ . V dA
d𝑊𝑣

ሶ = - ‫ ׬‬τ . V dA
𝑊𝑣 𝐶𝑆

where τ is the stress vector on the elemental surface dA

Solid surface ; For all parts of the control surface that are solid confining
walls, V =0 from the viscous no-slip condition; hence 𝑊𝑣 ሶ =zero
An inlet or outlet ; At an inlet or outlet, the flow is approximately
normal to the element dA; hence the only viscous work term comes
from the normal stress .
The net rate-of-work term ,

𝑊ሶ =𝑊ሶ 𝑠 + ‫𝑉 𝑝 𝑆𝐶׬‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 − ‫ 𝑆𝐶׬‬τ . 𝑉 𝑑𝐴 …(c)

Substituting the eq. (c) in eq.(a),

𝜕
𝑄ሶ - 𝑊ሶ 𝑠 - 𝑊ሶ v = (‫𝑒 𝑉𝐶׬‬ρ 𝑑𝑉′) + ‫𝑉 𝑝 𝑆𝐶׬‬. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + ‫𝑒 𝑆𝐶׬‬ρ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝜕𝑡

𝜕 𝑝
𝑄ሶ - 𝑊ሶ 𝑠 - 𝑊ሶ v = 𝜕𝑡 (‫𝑒 𝑉𝐶׬‬ρ 𝑑𝑉′) + ‫ 𝑒 𝑆𝐶׬‬+ ρ ρ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴

Using e from (b), we see that the enthalpy ℎ෠ = 𝑢ො + p/ρ occurs in the control surface
integral. The final general form for the energy equation for a fixed control volume
becomes

𝜕 1 1
𝑄ሶ - 𝑊ሶ 𝑠 - 𝑊ሶ v = 𝜕𝑡[ ‫𝑢 (𝑉𝐶׬‬ො + V2 + gz) ρ 𝑑𝑉′ + ‫ 𝑆𝐶׬‬ℎ෠ + 2 V2 + gz ρ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
2
 One-Dimensional Energy-Flux Terms

If the control volume has a

series of one-dimensional inlets and
outlets, the surface integral in the
final equation reduces to a summation
of outlet fluxes minus inlet fluxes
 Differential equation of energy
The appropriate integral relation for the fixed control volume is,
𝜕 𝑝
𝑄ሶ - 𝑊ሶ 𝑠 - 𝑊ሶ 𝑣 = (‫𝑒 ׬‬ρ 𝑑𝑉′ ) + ‫ 𝑒( ׬‬+ ) ρ(V.n)dA
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
𝜕𝑡 ρ

𝑊ሶ 𝑠 = 0
𝜕 𝑝
𝑄ሶ - 𝑊ሶ 𝑣 = (‫𝑒 ׬‬ρ 𝑑𝑉′ ) + ‫ 𝑒(𝑆𝐶׬‬+ ) ρ(V.n)dA
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 ρ
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑄ሶ - 𝑊ሶ 𝑣 = [ (ρe) + (ρuȿ) + (ρvȿ) + (ρwȿ)] dxdydz
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑝
Where ȿ = e+ ,
ρ
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
[ρ (e) + e (ρ) + (ρue) + (up) + (ρve) + (vp) + (ρwe)+ (wp)]
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= ρ (e) + e (ρ) + u (p) +p (u) +v (p)+ p (v) +w (p)+p (w)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
+(e (ρu) +ρu (e) +e (ρv) +ρv (e) + e (ρw)+ρw (e))
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= e[ (ρ) + (ρu) + (ρv) + (ρw)] + ρ[ (e) + u (e) + v (e) +
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
w (e)] + [u (p) +v (p) +w (p )+p (u) + p (v))+p (w) ]
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑑𝑒
= 0+ρ + V. 𝛻𝑝 +p𝛻 . 𝑉
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑒
𝑄ሶ - 𝑊ሶ 𝑣 = [ρ + V. 𝛻𝑝 +p𝛻 . 𝑉] dx dy dz ….(1)
𝑑𝑡
(Elemental cartesian control volume showing heat flow and viscous work rate
terms in the x direction)
By Fouriers’ law of conduction,
q=-k𝛻𝑇

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
or qx = -k , qy = -k , qz = -k
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
By adding the inlet terms and subtracting the outlet terms, we obtain
the net heat added to the element,

𝑄ሶ = 𝛻 . (𝑘 𝛻T ) dx dy dz ….( 2 )
The rate of work done by viscous stresses equals the product of the
stress component, its corresponding velocity component, and the area
of the element face,
𝑊ሶ v,LF = wx dy dz

Where, wx = - ( uτxx + v τxy + w τxz )

Inlet work flux terms

wx dy dz, wy dx dz, wz dx dy

Outlet work flux terms

𝜕 𝑤𝑥
[wx + dx ] dy dz
𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝑤𝑦
[wy + dy ] dx dz
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝑤𝑧
[wz + dz ]dx dy
𝜕𝑧
After outlet terms are subtracted from inlet terms, the net viscous work
rate becomes
𝑊vሶ = - [ 𝜕 ( uτxx + v τxy + w τxz ) + 𝜕 ( uτyx + v τyy + w τyz )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕
+ ( uτzx + v τzy + w τzz )] dx dy dz
𝜕𝑧
= - 𝛻 . ( V . τij ) dx dy dz ……( 3)

now substitute Eqs. (2) and (3) into Eq. (1) to obtain one form of the
differential energy equation
𝑑𝑒
ρ + V. 𝛻𝑝 +p𝛻 . 𝑉 = 𝛻 . (k 𝛻T) + 𝛻 . (V . τij ) …..(4)
𝑑𝑡

A more useful form is obtained if we split up the viscous work term,

𝛻 . (V . τij ) ≡ V . (𝛻 . τij ) + Φ ….(5)

where Φ is short for the viscous-dissipation function

For a newtonian incompressible viscous fluid, this function has the form
𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑤 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢 2 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 2
Φ=μ[2( ) +2( )+ 2( ) +( + ) +( + ) +( + )]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥

Since all terms are quadratic, viscous dissipation is always positive.

Now substituting eq. (5) in eq. (4),

𝑑𝑒
ρ + V. 𝛻𝑝 +p𝛻 . 𝑉 = 𝛻 . (k 𝛻T) + V. (𝛻 . τij ) + Φ
𝑑𝑡

using the differential linear momentum equation for an infinitesimal

element to eliminate 𝛻 . τij ,
𝑑𝑉
ρg - 𝛻 p + 𝛻 . τij = ρ
𝑑𝑡
From here,

𝑑𝑉
𝛻 . τij = ρ - ρg + 𝛻 p
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑉
ρ + V. 𝛻𝑝 + p𝛻 . 𝑉 = 𝛻 . (k 𝛻T) + V. ( ρ - ρg + 𝛻 p ) + Φ
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 1 𝑑𝑉
ρ (𝑢ො + V2 + gz ) + V. 𝛻𝑝 + p𝛻 . 𝑉 = 𝛻 . (k 𝛻T) + V. ( ρ - ρg + 𝛻 p ) + Φ
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

This will cause the kinetic and potential energies to cancel, leaving a
more customary form of the general differential energy equation,

ෝ
𝑑𝑢
ρ + p𝛻 . 𝑉 = 𝛻 . (k 𝛻T) + Φ
𝑑𝑡

This equation is valid for a newtonian fluid under very general

conditions of unsteady, compressible, viscous, heat-conducting flow,
except that it neglects radiation heat transfer and internal sources of
heat that might occur during a chemical or nuclear reaction.
Approximations to the general differential equation
 𝑑 𝑢ො ≈ cvdT & cv, μ,k,ρ ≈ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

also, 𝛻 . V = 0
𝑑𝑇
ρcv = k 𝛻 2T + Φ
𝑑𝑡
This equation involves temperature T as the primary variable &
velocity as secondary variable

 When the fluid is at rest or has negligible velocity, where the

dissipation Φ and convective terms become negligible,
𝜕𝑇
ρcp = k 𝛻 2T
𝜕𝑡
References:
Fluid mechanics by Frank M White
Thank you