Greenhouse Effect &

Global Warming

JG
 The Royal Greenhouses of
Laeken,Brussels, Belgium. An example of
19th-century greenhouse architecture
• Greenhouse : because it acts as a reflector,
• A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse, or, if
with sufficient heating, ahothouse) is a
structure with walls and roof made chiefly of
transparent material, such as glass, in
which plants requiring regulated climatic
conditions are grown.These structures range
in size from small sheds to industrial-sized
buildings. A miniature greenhouse is known
as a cold frame. The interior of a greenhouse
exposed to sunlight becomes significantly
warmer than the external ambient
temperature, protecting its contents in cold
weather.
bouncing the infrared radiation in the
atmosphere back to earth thus preventing
heat to escape into space.
Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming
• The “greenhouse effect” & global warming are not the same
thing.
– Global warming refers to a rise in the temperature of the surface
of the earth .
• An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases leads to an
increase in the the magnitude of the greenhouse effect. (Called
enhanced greenhouse effect) This results in global warming
• A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs
and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental
cause of the greenhouse effect.
• The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are:
• water vapour,
• carbon dioxide,
• methane,
• nitrous oxide,
• and ozone.
• In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and Titan also contain gases that
cause greenhouse effects.
•
 Greenhouse Gas
• A major source of greenhouse gases are industrial emissions. Gases include carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and hydrofluorocarbons.
• The "greenhouse effect" often gets a bad rap because of its association with global
warming, but the truth is we couldn't live without it.
• What Causes the Greenhouse Effect?
Life on earth depends on energy from the sun. About 30 percent of the sunlight
that beams toward Earth is deflected by the outer atmosphere and scattered back
into space. The rest reaches the planet's surface and is reflected upward again as a
type of slow-moving energy called infrared radiation.
• The heat caused by infrared radiation is absorbed by "greenhouse gases" such as
water vapor, carbon dioxide, ozone and methane, which slows its escape from the
atmosphere.
• Although greenhouse gases make up only about 1 percent of the Earth's
atmosphere, they regulate our climate by trapping heat and holding it in a
kind of warm-air blanket that surrounds the planet.
This phenomenon is what scientists call the "greenhouse effect." Without it,
scientists estimate that the average temperature on Earth would be colder by
approximately 30 degrees Celsius (54 degrees Fahrenheit), far too cold to
sustain our current ecosystem.
 Selected Greenhouse Gases
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– Source: Fossil fuel burning, deforestation
 Anthropogenic increase: 30%

 Average atmospheric residence time: 500 years

 Methane (CH4)
– Source: Rice cultivation, cattle & sheep ranching, decay
from landfills, mining
 Anthropogenic increase: 145%

 Average atmospheric residence time: 7-10 years

 Nitrous oxide (N2O)

– Source: Industry and agriculture (fertilizers)
 Anthropogenic increase: 15%

 Average atmospheric residence time: 140-190 years

Electromagnetic Spectrum
incoming outgoing
Earth has warmed 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit, on average, since the late 19th century.
Most of the warming has occurred since 1960, the period covered on this map.
Change in degC -20 to -9.
Temperature trend, 1960-2014
Change in degrees Fahrenheit
 Greenhouse Gas

• How Do Humans Contribute to the Greenhouse Effect?

While the greenhouse effect is an essential environmental prerequisite for life on Earth, there really
can be too much of a good thing.
• The problems begin when human activities distort and accelerate the natural process by creating
more greenhouse gases in the atmosphere than are necessary to warm the planet to an ideal
temperature.
• Burning natural gas, coal and oil -including gasoline for automobile engines-raises the level of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
• Some farming practices and land-use changes increase the levels of methane and nitrous oxide.
• Many factories produce long-lasting industrial gases that do not occur naturally, yet contribute
significantly to the enhanced greenhouse effect and "global warming" that is currently under way.
• Deforestation also contributes to global warming. Trees use carbon dioxide and give off oxygen in
its place, which helps to create the optimal balance of gases in the atmosphere. As more forests are
logged for timber or cut down to make way for farming, however, there are fewer trees to perform
this critical function.
• Population growth is another factor in global warming, because as more people use fossil fuels for
heat, transportation and manufacturing the level of greenhouse gases continues to increase. As
more farming occurs to feed millions of new people, more greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere.
• Ultimately, more greenhouse gases means more infrared radiation trapped and held, which
gradually increases the temperature of the Earth's surface and the air in the lower atmosphere.
 Greenhouse Gas

• The Average Global Temperature is Increasing Quickly

Today, the increase in the Earth's temperature is increasing
with unprecedented speed. To understand just how quickly
global warming is accelerating, consider this:
• During the entire 20th century, the average global
temperature increased by about 0.6 degrees Celsius
(slightly more than 1 degree Fahrenheit).
• Using computer climate models, scientists estimate that by
the year 2100 the average global temperature will increase
by 1.4 degrees to 5.8 degrees Celsius (approximately 2.5
degrees to 10.5 degrees Fahrenheit).
 Otherside of Greenhouse Gas
• Not All Scientists Agree
While the majority of mainstream scientists agree that global warming is a serious problem that is
growing steadily worse, there are some who disagree. John Christy, a professor and director of the
Earth System Science Center at the University of Alabama in Huntsville is a respected climatologist
who argues that global warming isn't worth worrying about.
• Christy reached that opinion after analyzing millions of measurements from weather satellites in an
effort to find a global temperature trend. He found no sign of global warming in the satellite data,
and now believes that predictions of global warming by as much as 10 degrees Fahrenheit by the
end of the 21st century are incorrect.
• Scientists agree that even a small increase in the global temperature would lead to significant
climate and weather changes, affecting cloud cover, precipitation, wind patterns, the frequency and
severity of storms, and the duration of seasons.
• Rising temperatures would raise sea levels as well, reducing supplies of fresh water as flooding
occurs along coastlines worldwide and salt water reaches inland.
• Many of the world’s endangered species would become extinct as rising temperatures changed
their habitat.
• Millions of people also would be affected, especially poor people who live in precarious locations or
depend on the land for a subsistence living.
• Certain vector-borne diseases carried by animals or insects, such as malaria, would become more
widespread as warmer conditions expanded their range.
Summary

Greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation and prevent

it from escaping to space.

Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are very

good at capturing energy at wavelengths that other
compounds miss.
If a climate disaster is to be averted, we’ll have to move forward without relying as
much on fossil fuels. It can be done
 OZONE

• What is Ozone?
Ozone is made of Oxygen atoms
• Ozone is a colorless odorless gas made of oxygen.
• Most oxygen in the air is O2 - two joined oxygen atoms. This is the oxygen that sustains life.
• Ozone is O3 - three oxygen atoms joined together.
• Ozone is ready to react ...
• ... with whatever it meets. This makes it very useful for cleaning and disinfecting. But, when it comes in
contact with living tissues like our lungs it can cause damage and illness. Ozone can also corrode building
materials, statues and monuments, and natural rock features in the landscape.
•
 Ozone

• Only 10 or less of every

million molecules of air
are ozone. The majority
of these ozone
molecules resides in a
layer between 10 and
40 kilometers (6 and 25
miles) above the Earth's
surface in the
stratosphere.
Stratospheric Ozone Production
 Ozone depleting substances
• Ozone depleting substances that may be found on
board ship include, but are not
• limited to:
• Halon 1211 Bromochlorodifluoromethane
• Halon 1301 Bromotrifluoromethane
• Halon 2402 1, 2 - Dibromo - 1, 1, 2, 2-
tetraflouroethane (also known as Halon 114B2)
• CFC- 11 Trichlorofluoromethane
• CFC- 12 Dichlorodifluoromethane
• CFC- 113 1, 1, 2 –Trichloro –1, 2, 2 –trifluoroethane
• CFC- 114 1, 2 –Dichloro –1, 1, 2, 2 –tetrafluoroethane
• CFC- 115 Chloropentafluoroethane
Nox To Ozone
 OZONE
• The ozone layer resides in the stratosphere and surrounds the entire Earth. UV-B radiation
(280- to 315- nanometer (nm) wavelength) from the Sun is partially absorbed in this layer. As
a result, the amount of UV-B reaching Earth’s surface is greatly reduced. UV-A (315- to 400-
nm wavelength) and other solar radiation are not strongly absorbed by the ozone layer.
Human exposure to UV-B increases the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and a suppressed
immune system. UV-B exposure can also damage terrestrial plant life, single cell organisms,
and aquatic ecosystems
 OZONE
• In the past 60 years or so human activity has contributed to the deterioration of the ozone layer.
• Only 10 or less of every million molecules of air are ozone. The majority of these ozone molecules
resides in a layer between 10 and 40 kilometers (6 and 25 miles) above the Earth's surface in the
stratosphere

• Credit:Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies Japan
 Ozone
• From a human perspective, ozone is both helpful and harmful, both good and bad.
• The Benefits of Good Ozone
Small concentrations of ozone occur naturally in the stratosphere, which is part of the Earth’s
upper atmosphere. At that level, ozone helps to protect life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet
radiation from the sun, particularly UVB radiation that can cause skin cancer and cataracts,
damage crops, and destroy some types of marine life.
• The Origin of Good Ozone
Ozone is created in the stratosphere when ultraviolet light from the sun splits an oxygen
molecule into two single oxygen atoms. Each of those oxygen atoms then binds with an
oxygen molecule to form an ozone molecule.
• Depletion of stratospheric ozone poses serious health risks for humans and environmental
hazards for the planet, and many nations have banned or limited the use of chemicals that
contribute to ozone depletion.
• The Origin of Bad Ozone
Ozone is also found much nearer the ground, in the troposphere, the lowest level of Earth’s
atmosphere. Unlike the ozone that occurs naturally in the stratosphere, tropospheric ozone is
man-made, an indirect result of air pollution created by automobile exhaust and emissions
from factories and power plants.
• When gasoline and coal are burned, nitrogen oxide gases (NOx) and volatile organic
compounds (VOC) are released into the air. During the warm, sunny days of spring, summer
and early fall, NOx and VOC are more likely to combine with oxygen and form ozone. During
those seasons, high concentrations of ozone are often formed during the heat of the
afternoon and early evening, and are likely to dissipate later in the evening as the air cools.
 OZONE
• The Risks of Bad Ozone
The man-made ozone that forms in the troposphere is extremely toxic and
corrosive. People who inhale ozone during repeated exposure may permanently
damage their lungs or suffer from respiratory infections. Ozone exposure may
reduce lung function or aggravate existing respiratory conditions such as asthma,
emphysema or bronchitis. Ozone may also cause chest pain, coughing, throat
irritation or congestion.
• The adverse health effects of ground-level ozone are particularly dangerous for
people who work, exercise, or spend a lot of time outdoors during warm weather.
Seniors and children are also at greater risk than the rest of the population,
because people in both age groups are more likely to have reduced or not fully
formed lung capacity.
• In addition to human health effects, ground-level ozone is also hard on plants and
animals, damaging ecosystems and leading to reduced crop and forest yields. In
the United States alone, for example, ground-level ozone accounts for an
estimated $500 million in reduced crop production annually. Ground-level ozone
also kills many seedlings and damages foliage, making trees more susceptible to
diseases, pests and harsh weather.
 OZONE
• What About the Ozone Layer ???
• I thought ozone was helpful.
• The ozone layer is great - when it's way up there.
• The ozone layer protects life on earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. But the ozone layer is 10 - 30 miles above
the earth; this is far above the air that we breathe.
• This protective shield becomes weaker when certain gases are able to travel to the ozone layer and destroy
the ozone molecules. These destructive gases come from products like refrigerators, air conditioners, cleansers,
and aerosol cans (used for spray paint and hairspray).
• The gases are called halons and CFCs - for chlorofluorocarbons.
• Closer to earth, ozone is an air pollutant that can be harmful. It is created and hangs around in the layer of air near the
ground (from 0 to 10 miles high); where it affects everything it comes in contact with.
• Air Quality Index Values .
•
• Air Quality Descriptor by EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency)
• Health Effects
• 0 to 50 AQI- Good - No health effects are expected.
• 51 to 100* -Moderate -
• Unusually sensitive individuals may experience respiratory effects from prolonged outdoor exertion if you are unusually
sensitive to ozone.
• 101 to 150 -Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
• Member of sensitive group may experience respiratory symptoms (coughing, pains when taking a deep breath).

• Generally, an AQI of 100 for ozone corresponds to an ozone level of 0.075 parts per million (averaged over 8 hours).
 OZONE
• Ozone and Your Health
• Why ozone can hurt.
• The properties that make ozone a powerful cleaner, disinfectant, and bleaching agent also make ozone dangerous to living
tissues.
• When it comes in contact with living tissues, like our lungs, ozone attacks and damages cells lining the airways, this causes
swelling and inflammation.
• Some have compared ozone's effect to a sunburn ... inside your lungs.
• Other health effects include:
• · Irritation of the airway: a cough, an irritated throat, or an uncomfortable feeling in your chest.
• · Reduced lung function: you may not be able to breath as deeply or vigorously as you normally would.
• · Worsened Asthma: ozone can aggravate the effects of asthma (see Asthma below).
• · Potential health effects: ozone may aggravate the effects of emphysema and bronchitis, and may reduce the body's
ability to fight infections in the respiratory system.
•
• Who should watch out for ozone?
• High ozone levels can affect anyone.
• Some groups of people are particularly sensitive to ozone.
• Sensitive Groups
• · Children
They spend more time outdoors, are more active, and their airways are not fully developed.
• · Adults exercising outdoors
Healthy persons engaged in physical activity breathe faster and more deeply. This increases the amount of ozone flowing
into the lungs.
• · People with respiratory disease
Ozone can further irritate the airways of persons who already have diseases of the lung or airways.
 What Are VOCs?(Volatile Organic Compounds )

• VOCs are organic compounds containing one or more carbon atoms that have high
vapour pressures and therefore evaporate readily to the atmosphere. There are
thousands of compounds that meet this definition, but most programs focus on
the 50 to 150 most abundant compounds containing two to twelve carbon atoms.
This definition excludes photochemically low-reactive compounds such as
methane, ethane and the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-containing gases and vapors such
as gasoline fumes and solvents (but excluding carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
methane, and chlorofluorocarbons). Although there are many thousands of
organic compounds in the natural and polluted troposphere that meet the
definition of a VOCs, most measurement programs have concentrated on the 50 to
150 most abundant hydrocarbons.
• Many individual VOCs are known or suspected of having direct toxic effects on
humans, ranging from carcinogenesis to neurotoxicity. A number of
individual VOCs (e.g. benzene, dichloromethane) have been assessed to be toxic .
• The more reactive VOCs combine with nitrogen oxides (NOx) in photochemical
reactions in the atmosphere to form ground-level ozone, a major component
of smog. VOCsare also a precursor pollutant to the secondary formation of
fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Both ozone and PM2.5 are known to have harmful
effects on human health and the environment.
 Particulate matter (PM)
• Particulate matter (PM) consists of airborne particles in solid or liquid form. PM may be classified as primary or
secondary, depending on the compounds and processes involved during its formation. Primary PM is emitted at
the emissions source in particle form, for example, the smokestack of an electrical power plant or a recently tilled
field subject to wind erosion. Secondary PM formation results from a series of chemical and physical reactions
involving different precursor gases,( In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical
reaction that produces another compound) such as sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides, and ammonia reacting to
form sulphate, nitrate and ammonium particulate matter.
• The size of PM particles largely determines the extent of environmental and health damage caused. For this
reason, Environment Canada identifies different sizes of PM:
• Total Particulate Matter (TPM) -airborne particulate matter with an upper size limit of approximately 100 micro
metre (µm) in aerodynamic equivalent diameter
• Particulate Matter <10 microns (PM10) - airborne particulate matter with a mass median diameter less than 10 µm
• Particulate Matter < 2.5 microns (PM2.5) – airborne particulate matter with a mass median diameter less than 2.5
µm
• Numerous studies have linked PM to aggravated cardiac and respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis and
emphysema and to various forms of heart disease. PM can also have adverse effects on vegetation and structures,
and contributes to visibility deterioration and regional haze.
• Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) is defined as the diameter at which 50% of the particles by mass
are larger and 50% are smaller. USP <601> calls for determining the MMAD by plotting, on log probability paper,
the percentages of mass less than the stated aerodynamic diameters versus the aerodynamic diameters. The
MMAD is taken as the intersection of the line with the 50% cumulative percent. Computational methods can
also be applied.
• THANK YOU