HELICAL SPRINGS

To determine the stresses

produced by P, we follow the
general procedure of passing an
exploratory cutting plane M-N
through any typical section as
shown and then determining
the resisting forces required for
equilibrium.
  balance the applied axial load F,
To
the exposed shaded cross section
of the spring must provide the
resistance equal to F.

 To complete equilibrium, however,

a moment summation must also
be equal to zero.
It is evident that F and , being
equal, opposite, and parallel,
create a couple of magnitude PR
which can be balanced only by an
opposite couple.
This resisting couple is created by
torsional shearing stress
distributed over the cross section
The figure shows the free body
of the spring; it is represented by diagram of the upper half of the
T=FR. spring.
Two types of shearing stress produced:

 
1. Direct shearing stress
-uniformly distributed over the spring section and
creating the resisting load that passed through the
centroid of the section;

2.Variable torsional shearing stress

- Caused by the twisting couple T=FR
The maximum shearing stress is the sum of the direct shearing
stress τ1 = P/A and the torsional shearing stress τ2 = Tr/J, with T
= PR
 

 
Eq.(3-9)

This formula neglects the curvature of the spring. This is used for light
spring where the ratio d/4R is small.
For heavy springs and considering the curvature of the spring, A.M. Wahl
formula a more precise, it is given by:

 
Eq.(3-10)

Where m=D/d,
the ratio of the mean
diameter of the spring to
the diameter of the spring
wire.
Spring
deflection

 
 EXAMPLES
• A helical spring is fabricated by wrapping wire 3/4 in. in
diameter around a forming cylinder 8 in. in diameter.
Compute the number of turns required to permit an
elongation of 4 in. without exceeding a shearing stress of 18
ksi. Use Eq. (3-9) and G = 12 × 106 psi.
• Determine the maximum shearing stress and elongation in
a helical steel spring composed of 20 turns of 20-mm-
diameter wire on a mean radius of 80 mm when the spring
is supporting a load of 2 kN. Use Eq. (3-10) and G = 83 GPa.
 PLATE: HELICAL SPRINGS
• A helical spring is made by wrapping steel wire 20 mm in diameter
around a forming cylinder 150 mm in diameter. Compute the number
of turns required to permit an elongation of 100 mm without
exceeding a shearing stress of 140 MPa. Use Eq.(3-9) and G= 83 GPa.
• Two steel springs arranged in series as shown in Fig. P-347 supports a
load P. The upper spring has 12 turns of 25-mm-diameter wire on a
mean radius of 100 mm. The lower spring consists of 10 turns of 20-
mm diameter wire on a mean radius of 75 mm. If the maximum
shearing stress in either spring must not exceed 200 MPa, compute
the maximum value of P and the total elongation of the assembly. Use
Eq. (3-10) and G = 83 GPa. Compute the equivalent spring constant
by dividing the load by the total elongation.
3. A load P is supported by two concentric steel
springs arranged as shown in fig. P-349. the inner
spring consists of 30 turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on
a mean diameter of 150 mm; the outer spring has 20
turns of 30-mm wire on a mean diameter of 200 mm.
Computer the maximum load that will not exceed a
shearing stress of 140 MPa in either spring. Use Eq. (3-
9) and G=83 Gpa.
4. A rigid plate of negligible mass rests on the central
spring in Fig. P-351 which is 20 mm higher than the
symmetrically located outer springs. Each of the outer
springs consist of 18 turns of 10-mm wire on a mean
diameter of 100 mm. The central spring has 24 turns kequivalent=22.72N/mmkequivalent=22.72N/mm  
of 20-mm wire on a mean diameter of 150 mm. If a
load P= 5kN is now applied to the plate, determine the
maximum shearing stress in each spring. Use Eq. (3-9)
and G = 83 Gpa.
• A load P is supported by two steel springs arranged in
series as shown in Fig. P-347. The upper spring has 20
turns of 20-mm-diameter wire on a mean diameter of 150
mm. The lower spring consists of 15 turns of 10-mm-
diameter wire on a mean diameter of 130 mm. Determine
the maximum shearing stress in each spring if the total
deflection is 80 mm and G = 83 GN/m^2.
SHEAR AND MOMENT IN
BEAMS
  BEAM

• A beam is a bar subject to forces or couples that lie in a plane containing the
longitudinal section of the bar. According to determinacy, a beam may be
determinate or indeterminate.
STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

• Statically determinate beams

are those beams in which the
reactions of the supports may
be determined by the use of the
equations of static equilibrium.
The beams shown below are
examples of statically
determinate beams.
STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

If the number of reactions exerted upon

a beam exceeds the number of
equations in static equilibrium, the
beam is said to be statically
indeterminate. In order to solve the
reactions of the beam, the static
equations must be supplemented by
equations based upon the elastic
deformations of the beam.
 TYPES OF LOADING
• Loads applied to the
beam may consist of a
concentrated load (load
applied at a point),
uniform load, uniformly
varying load, or an
applied couple or
moment. These loads are
shown in the following
figures.
 SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
• Consider a simple beam shown of length L
that carries a uniform load of w (N/m)
throughout its length and is held in
equilibrium by reactions R1 and R2.
• Assume that the beam is cut at point C a
distance of x from he left support and the
portion of the beam to the right of C be
removed.
• The portion removed must then be replaced
by vertical shearing force V together with a
couple M to hold the left portion of the bar in The couple M is called the resisting moment or 
equilibrium under the action of R1 and wx. moment and the force V is called the resisting shear or 
shear. The sign of V and M are taken to be positive if 
they have the senses indicated above
EXAMPLE
PLATE: SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAM