Structure and Function of

the Cardiovascular and

Lymphatic Systems
Chapter 29

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Circulatory System
 Heart
 Right heart
 Pumps blood through the lungs (pulmonary
circulation)
 Left heart
 Pumps blood through the systemic circulation

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Circulatory System
Pulmonary circuit has
deoxygenated blood,
Systemic circuit has
oxygenated blood.
Veins conduct blood to
the heart and arteries
conduct blood away
from heart
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Circulatory System
 Heart
 Mediastinum
 Heart wall
 Pericardium
 Parietal and visceral pericardium
 Pericardial cavity and fluid – fluid-filled space
 Myocardium – the thick contractile muscle layer
 Endocardium – inner lining of the heart, smooth

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The Heart Wall

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The Chambers of the Heart
 Right atrium – receiving chamber for blood
from systemic side. No valve between vena
Cava and R atrium
 Left atrium – receiving deox blood from lungs
 Right ventricle – pumps blood to lungs via
pulmonary arteries
 Left ventricle – pumps blood to systemic
circuit via aortia
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The Chambers of the Heart

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The Valves of the Heart
 Atrioventricular valves between A & V
 Tricuspid valve – Right side
 Bicuspid valve – left side
 Semilunar valves
 Pulmonic semilunar valve
 Aortic semilunar valve

Valves and other connective tissue do not conduct

electrical impulses and make up heart skeleton
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The Valves of the Heart

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The Great Vessels
 Superior and inferior venae cavae – bring
blood to R Ventricle from head & body
 Pulmonary artery (trunk) - blood to lungs
 Right and left pulmonary arteries
 Pulmonary veins – blood from lungs
 Aortia – conducts blood to systemic circuit

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Blood Flow
 Cardiac cycle – the electrical and physical
events of an entire heart beat – 0.7 seconds
 Diastole – resting phase – no active
contraction
 Systole – active muscle contraction and
electrical impulses
 Phases of the cardiac cycle

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Blood Flow

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Normal Intracardiac Pressures

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Normal Intracardiac Pressures

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The Coronary Vessels only 2 arteries
with little collateral circulation
 Right coronary artery blood flows into artery
only after aortic semilunar valve is closed
otherwise the opening is covered by valve
 Conus
 Right marginal branch
 Posterior descending branch
 Left coronary artery
 Left anterior descending artery
 Circumflex artery
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The Coronary Vessels
 Collateral arteries
 Coronary capillaries
 Coronary veins
 Coronary sinus
 Great cardiac vein
 Posterior vein of the left ventricle
 Coronary lymphatic vessels

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The Coronary Vessels

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Structures That Control Heart
Action
 Cardiac action potentials – electric stimulation of the heart
 Conduction system – specialized muscle cells that depolarize
on their own called pacemakers – little muscle actin &
myosin
 Sinoatrial node (SA) – pacemakers depolarize 100 x /minutes due to
leaky membranes to Na
 Intranodal pathways
 Atrioventricular node (AV) – only electrical connection between Atria
(top) and Ventricles (bottom) of heart
 Bundle of His (AV bundle) – pass through septum of heart to apex
 Right and left bundle branches spread out to muscle of ventricles
 Purkinje fibers – into the larger muscle mass

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Conduction System of the Heart

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Structures That Control Heart
Action
 Cardiac excitation
 Propagation of cardiac action potentials
 Depolarization
 Repolarization – long refractory period
 Electocardiogram – EKG
 Automaticity
 Rhythmicity
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Structures That Control Heart
Action
 Cardiac innervation
 Sympathetic nerves
 Parasympathetic nerves
 Adrenergic receptor function
 α- or β-adrenergic receptors
 Norepinephrine or epinephrine

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Autonomic Innervation of the
Cardiovascular System

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Myocardial Cells
 Nearly identical to skeletal muscle cells
 Intercalated disks
 Actin, myosin, and the troponin-tropomyosin
complex
 Troponin T, I, and C
 Myocardial metabolism
 Myocardial oxygen consumption

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Myocardial Contraction and
Relaxation

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Cardiac Performance
 Preload
 Afterload
 Frank-Starling law of the heart – self regulating
mechanism that controls stroke volume and force.
The greater the stretch of the heart muscle the
stronger the force of contraction up to a maximum
 End-diastolic volume – measure of the return flow of
blood and stretch of the ventricles
 Laplace law
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Cardiac Performance
 Heart rate
 Cardiovascular control center – in medula
 Cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory centers
 Neural reflexes
 Bainbridge and baroreceptor reflexes
 Atrial receptors – sense the stretch (refill) of heart
 Hormones and biochemicals – epinephrine,
digitalis etc…

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Cardiac Performance
 Myocardial contractility
 Stroke volume = SV
 Inotropic agents
 Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
 Cardiac output CO = SV x HR
 Volume of blood flowing through either the
systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute

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Cardiac Output

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Systemic Circulation
 Arteries
 Arterioles
 Capillaries
 Venules
 Veins

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Structure of Blood Vessels
 Lumen
 Tunica intima
 Tunica media
 Tunica externa (adventitia)

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Endothelium

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Structure of Blood Vessels

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Factors Affecting Blood Flow
 Poiseuille law effect of diameter & length of
vessel on resistance
 Pressure
 Force exerted on a liquid per unit area
 Resistance
 Opposition to force
 Diameter and length of the blood vessels
contribute to resistance
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Factors Affecting Blood Flow
 Neural control of total peripheral resistance
 Change in diameter of the vessels
 Baroreceptors
 Arterial chemoreceptors

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Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptors

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Factors Affecting Blood Flow
 Velocity
 Laminar vs. turbulent flow
 Vascular compliance

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Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

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Regulation of Blood Pressure
 Arterial pressure
 Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
 Effects of cardiac output
 Effects of total peripheral resistance
 Effect of hyperemia
 Effects of hormones
 Epinephrine and norepinephrine
 Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, and
natriuretic peptides

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Regulation of Blood Pressure
 Adrenomedullin
 Insulin
 Venous pressure

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Regulation of Coronary Circulation
 Coronary perfusion pressure
 Autoregulation
 Autonomic regulation

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Lymphatic System
 Special vascular system that picks up excess
fluid and returns it to the bloodstream
 Lymphatic fluid
 Lymphatic veins and venules
 Right lymphatic duct
 Thoracic duct
 Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic System

2 main locations for

fluid return to blood
– R Lymphatic duct
& Thoracic duct on L
subclavian Vein

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function
 Noninvasive assessments
 Sensorium of the individual
 Mucous membrane color
 Manually palpated pulse
 Auscultation of heart sounds
 Cardiography

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function
 Noninvasive assessments
 Pulse tracing
 Magnetic resonance imaging
 Doppler studies
 Stress testing
 Chest x-ray examinations

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function
 Invasive assessments
 X-ray films with barium
 Nuclear imaging with radiolabeled pharmaceuticals
 Hot spot imaging
 Cold spot imaging
 Tomographic studies

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Tests of Cardiovascular Function
 Invasive assessments
 Atrioventricular bundle electrocardiography
 Cardiac catheterization
 Coronary angiography

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Aging and the Cardiovascular
System
 Arteriosclerosis
 Cross linking of collagen
 Increased collagen
 Changes in elastin
 Atherosclerosis

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Aging and the Cardiovascular
System

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