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Failure Criterion For Composite Materials

Presented by:
TALLAT MASOOD 17-MS-PT-AMD-01
FAIZAN SHABBIR 17-MS-PT-AMD-06

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 Contents

What is composite materials ?

Types of composite materials

Isotropic, anisotropic and orthotropic composite materials

Failure modes of composite materials

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 What is composite materials ?
Two or more chemically different constituents combined macroscopically
to yield a useful (efficient) material.
The main advantages of composite materials are their high strength and
stiffness, combined with low density, when compared with bulk materials.
The two constituents are a reinforcement and a matrix.

Natural Composites: Wood, Bone, Granite etc.

Artificial Composites: Concrete, Plywood, Fiber Glass, Cermet etc.

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 Different Types Of Materials
Homogeneous Material- A material of uniform composition throughout that cannot be
mechanically separated into different materials. Examples of “homogeneous materials” are
certain types of plastics, ceramics, glass, metals, alloys, paper, board, resins, and coatings.
Isotropic Material-
A material having identical values of a property in all directions. If applying extension loads, it
produces extensional strains. Glass and metals are examples of isotropic materials.
Anisotropic Material- The material in which the properties such as Young's Modulus, change
with direction along the object. Common examples of anisotropic materials
are wood and composites.
Orthotropic Materials have material properties that differ along three mutually-
orthogonal twofold axes of rotational symmetry. If applying extension loads, it produces
extensional and shear strains. They are a subset of anisotropic materials, because their
properties change when measured from different directions. eg: wood

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Failure Modes

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 Failure Criteria For Laminated Composites

Failure may be defined as the first event that damages the structure or the
point of structural collapse.
For composite laminates we distinguish between “first ply failure” when
the first ply is damaged and “ultimate failure” when the laminate fails to
carry the load.
Ultimate failure requires “progressive failure” analysis where we reduce
the stiffness of failed plies and redistribute the load.
Since the transverse strength and shear strength of the polymer matrix
composites (PMC) are usually much lower than the longitudinal strengths,
FPF is usually due to transverse and/or shear failure modes, which are
normally caused by matrix cracking.
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 Maximum-Stress Failure Theory
It states that failure will occur if any one of the stresses (induced by the
applied loads) in the principal material axes exceed the corresponding
allowable stress . Therefore, to avoid failure all the following inequalities
must be satisfied.
σ L < σ LU σ T < σTU τ LT < τ LTU
where, σ L, σ T, and τ LT are the stresses produced by the applied loads and
σ LU , σ TU , and τ LTU are the allowable stresses.

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 Failure criteria for isotropic layers
Failure is yielding for ductile materials and fracture for brittle materials.
Every direction has same properties so we prefer to define the failure based
on principal stresses. Why?
We will deal only with the plane stress condition, which will simplify the
failure criteria. Then principal stresses are

x  y   x  y 
2

 1,2       xy
2

2  2 

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 Maximum normal stress criterion
For ductile materials strength is same in tension and compression so
criterion for safety is
S y  1, 2  S y
However, criterion is rarely suitable for ductile materials.
For brittle materials the ultimate limits are different in tension and
compression
 Suc   1 ,  2  Sut

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 Maximum strain criterion
Similar to maximum normal stress criterion but applied to strain i.e.
Failure occurs when at lwasr one of the strain components along the
principal material axes exceeds the corresponding ultimate strain in tha
direction. Applicable to brittle materials so tension and compression are
different.

 uc  1 ,  2   ut
What is wrong with the figure?

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 Maximum Shear Stress (Tresca) Criterion
Henri Tresca (1814-1885) French ME
Material yields when maximum shear stress reaches the value attained
in tensile test.
Maximum shear stress is one half of the difference between the
maximum and minimum principal stress.
In simple tensile test it is one half of the applied stress. So criterion is

Sy
 12  or  1   2  S y and  1  S y and  2  S y
2

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 Distortional Energy (von Mises) criterion
Richard Edler von Mises (1883 Lviv, 1953 Boston).
Distortion energy (shape but not volume change) controls failure.
Safe condition
1   1  2
Ud    1   2     2   3    3   1  
2 2 2
Sy
6E   3E

For plane stress reduces to

   1 2    S
2
1
2
2
2
y

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 Comparison Between Criteria
Largest differences when principal strains have opposite signs

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Strength Ratio

In order to use any failure criteria efficiently, the strength ratio R is defined as the
strength over the applied stress.

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 Tsai-Hill Criterion
For a two dimensional state of stress referred to the principal stress directions, the von-mises yield
criterion has the form

Hill modified this criterion for the case of ductile metals with anisotropy and proposed the following
form:

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Interactive Tensor Polynomial Theory (Tsai-Wu)
This theory is capable of predicting strength under general states of stress for which no experimental
data are available. It uses the concept of strength tensors, which allows for transformation from one
coordinate system to another. It has the form of an invariant formed from stress and strain tensor
components and most important, it has the capability to account for the difference between tensile
and compressive.

Tsai and Wu proposed a modified tensor polynomial theory by assuming the existence of a failure surface
in the stress space. In contracted notation it takes the form:

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References:

Engineering Mechanics of Composite Materials

Book by Isaac M. Daniel and Ori Ishai

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 Thank
You
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