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CONTENTS: Chemistry

• Chemical bonding in Elements and Compounds


• Bonding in the elements
• Bonding in metals
• Bonding in non-metals
• Chemical bonding in compounds
• Covalent compounds
• Ionic compounds
• Physical properties of chemical and covalent compunds
• Polyatomic (compound) ions
• Formula of covalent compounds
• Metals, Alloys and crystals.
Chemical bonding in compounds and
elements:
We have seen many compounds like those we usually see are ammonia, water and
methane; these are only formed by chemical bonding between several elements.
Bonding in the elements:
• Atoms are able to bond to each other to make molecules and compounds. A
compound is a molecule with more than one kind of element in it. How do they
do it? It has to do with their electrons.
• These two opposite ions (metals and non-metals) attract each other and form the ionic
bond. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non metallic
atoms which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and
other covalent bonds.
Bonding in metals
Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that rises from the
electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively
charged metal ions. It may be described as the sharing of free electrons
among a structure of positively charged ions.
In metals, the electrons leave the outer shells of metal atoms, forming
positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. Metals are solids at
room temperature, so the structure of a solid metal consists of closely
packed metal ions. These ions are arranged in a regular way to form a
metallic lattice structure. The lattice has layers of metal ions.
Bonding in non-metals
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of
electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as
shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and
repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known
as covalent bonding. This bonding gives the a stable structure as of
elements of 8th group (except hydrogen). Each atom contributes one
electron to each bond.
Structures formed:
Physical properties of ionic and covalent
compunds:
Properties of typical ionic compounds Properties of simple covalent compounds
They are crystalline solids at room temperature They are often liquid or gas at room temperatures
They have high melting point They have low melting and boiling points
They are often soluble in water (not soluble in They ate soluble in organic solvents like Ethanol and
organic solutions like Ethanol and Methylbenzene Methylbenzene (only a few are soluble in water)
They conduct electrucity when molten or dissolved They do not conduct electricity
in water (not when solid)

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