• Bonding in the elements • Bonding in metals • Bonding in non-metals • Chemical bonding in compounds • Covalent compounds • Ionic compounds • Physical properties of chemical and covalent compunds • Polyatomic (compound) ions • Formula of covalent compounds • Metals, Alloys and crystals. Chemical bonding in compounds and elements: We have seen many compounds like those we usually see are ammonia, water and methane; these are only formed by chemical bonding between several elements. Bonding in the elements: • Atoms are able to bond to each other to make molecules and compounds. A compound is a molecule with more than one kind of element in it. How do they do it? It has to do with their electrons. • These two opposite ions (metals and non-metals) attract each other and form the ionic bond. Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non metallic atoms which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent bonds. Bonding in metals Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that rises from the electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively charged metal ions. It may be described as the sharing of free electrons among a structure of positively charged ions. In metals, the electrons leave the outer shells of metal atoms, forming positive metal ions and a 'sea' of delocalised electrons. Metals are solids at room temperature, so the structure of a solid metal consists of closely packed metal ions. These ions are arranged in a regular way to form a metallic lattice structure. The lattice has layers of metal ions. Bonding in non-metals A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding. This bonding gives the a stable structure as of elements of 8th group (except hydrogen). Each atom contributes one electron to each bond. Structures formed: Physical properties of ionic and covalent compunds: Properties of typical ionic compounds Properties of simple covalent compounds They are crystalline solids at room temperature They are often liquid or gas at room temperatures They have high melting point They have low melting and boiling points They are often soluble in water (not soluble in They ate soluble in organic solvents like Ethanol and organic solutions like Ethanol and Methylbenzene Methylbenzene (only a few are soluble in water) They conduct electrucity when molten or dissolved They do not conduct electricity in water (not when solid)