Compression

• Kinds of Coding
• Need for Compression
• Basic Types
• Taxonomy
• Performance Metrics
 Two kinds of Coding of Information

• Source Coding: Coding for efficient representation of

information. (Also called Compression)
• Channel Coding: Coding for error free transmission of
information through a noisy medium
 Need for Compression

Multimedia data need

 Huge storage space
 Large Bandwidth for transmission

Storage, Bandwidth Requirements are usually

much greater than availability

Compression is a viable technique

Multimedia Storage/Bandwidth
Requirements

Media type Duration/Size Bandwidth Storage

Audio
CD-DA quality 60 mins 1.412 Mbits/lsec. 635MB.
Speech quality 64Kbits/sec. 28.8MB.
Image
Gray scale (8-bit) 640 480 ~307KB.
Color (24-bit) ~922KB.
Video
NTSC 60 mins. 221 Mbits/sec. 99.45 GB.
HDTV ~922 GB.
 Images and Video are usually:

• Generated in Analog form

• Captured in Analog form
• Processed in Digital form
• Stored in Analog/Digital form
• Transmitted in Analog/Digital form
 Advantages of Digital Media

• Ease of processing
(for noise removal, quality enhancement, etc.
• Robustness to error
(in storage/transmission)

• Ease of integration of discrete media

 A/D Conversion

Two major steps:

• Sampling
• Quantization
 Compression Techniques

• Two kinds of compression Lossless and Lossy

• Compression techniques take advantage of redundancy in
digital images
• Types of redundancies
 Spatial redundancy: due to the correlation between
neighboring pixel values
 Spectral redundancy: due to the correlation between
different color planes or spectral bands
• Lossy techniques, in addition, take advantage of HVS
(Human Visual System) properties
 Lossless and Lossy Compression

• Lossless Compression:
 No loss of information
 Original data exactly recovered from compressed data
 Lower compression ratio

• Lossy Compression:
 Loss of information
 Perceptual loss of information reduced (controlled)
 Higher compression ratio
 Taxonomy of Image Compression

Lossless Coding techniques

(Entropy Coding)

Repetitive Statistical Lossless

Bitplane
Sequence Encoding Predictive
Encoding
Encoding Coding
RLE Huffman DPCM
Arithmetic
LZW
 Taxonomy of Image Compression

Lossy Coding techniques

(Source Coding)

Block Lossy
Transform Subband Fractal Vector
Truncation Predictive
Coding Coding Coding quantization
Coding Coding
DPAM DFT Subbands
ADPCM DCT Wavelets
Delta Haar
modulation Hadamard
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Algorithms (Repetitive
Sequence Suppression)
Simple Repetition Suppression
 If in a sequence a series on n successive tokens appears
we can replace these with a token and a count number
of occurrences. We usually need to have a special flag
to denote when the repeated token appears
For Example
89400000000000000000000000000000000
can be replaced with
894f32
where f is the flag for zero.

 Compression savings depend on the content of the data.

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Applications of this simple compression
technique include:
Suppression of zero's in a file (Zero
Length Suppression)
Silence in audio data, Pauses in conversation
etc.
Bitmaps
Blanks in text or program source files
Backgrounds in images
other regular image or data tokens

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 Image Compression Standards

Standards Possible Application Areas

CCITT T.4 Facsimile, Document Imaging
CCITT T.6 Facsimile, Document Imaging
JPEG Photographic Imaging
JBIG Facsimile, Document Imaging
CCITT H.261 Teleconferencing
MPEG-1 Video, Digital Storage Media(DSM)
MPEG-2 Video, HDTV, DSM
MPEG-4 Audio-visual Communications, Multimedia,
Remote sensing
 Performance Metrics for Lossy
Techniques

• Compression Ratio (CR)

size _ of _ original _ data
CR 
size _ of _ compressed _ data

• Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)

peak _ data _ value
PSNR  20 log 10
RMSE
RMSE is the Root Mean Square Error between the original
and reconstructed data
• Speed (Complexity) of encoding and decoding
• Digital Image is a rectangular array of pixels (picture
elements)
 Summary

• Source Coding = Compression

• Compression takes advantage of redundancies
• Basic Types: Lossless and Lossy
• Compression Ratio and Quality (Fidelity) Tradeoffs